Factor loadings of the 6 domains with two-factor structure using exploratory factor analysis.

<p>Factor loadings of the 6 domains with two-factor structure using exploratory factor analysis.</p

Fit indices of the 10 domains of the ADLRS-III (n = 304).

<p>CFI = comparative fit index; TLI = Tucker-Lewis index; RMSEA = root mean square error of approximation; CI = confidence interval.</p><p>Fit indices of the 10 domains of the ADLRS-III (n = 304).</p

Construct Validity of the Chinese Version of the Activities of Daily Living Rating Scale III in Patients with Schizophrenia

<div><p>Background</p><p>The Chinese version of the Activities of Daily Living Rating Scale III (ADLRS-III), which has 10 domains, is commonly used for assessing activities of daily living (ADL) in patients with schizophrenia. However, construct validity (i.e., unidimensionality) for each domain of the ADLRS-III is unknown, limiting the explanations of the test results.</p><p>Purpose</p><p>This main purpose of this study was to examine unidimensionality of each domain in the ADLRS-III. We also examined internal consistency and ceiling/floor effects in patients with schizophrenia.</p><p>Methods</p><p>From occupational therapy records, we obtained 304 self-report data of the ADLRS-III. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to examine the 10 one-factor structures. If a domain showed an insufficient model fit, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was performed to investigate the factor structure and choose one factor representing the original construct. Internal consistency was examined using Cronbach’s alpha (α). Ceiling and floor effects were determined by the percentage of patients with the maximum and minimum scores in each domain, respectively.</p><p>Results</p><p>CFA analyses showed that 4 domains (i.e., leisure, picture recognition, literacy ability, communication tools use) had sufficient model fits. These 4 domains had acceptable internal consistency (α = 0.79-0.87) and no ceiling/floor effects, except the leisure domain which had a ceiling effect. The other 6 domains showed insufficient model fits. The EFA results showed that these 6 domains were two-factor structures.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>The results supported unidimensional constructs of the leisure, picture recognition, literacy ability, and communication tool uses domains. The sum scores of these 4 domains can be used to represent their respective domain-specific functions. Regarding the 6 domains with insufficient model fits, we have explained the two factors of each domain and chosen one factor to represent its original construct. Future users may use the items from the chosen factors to assess domain-specific functions in patients with schizophrenia.</p></div

L'Écho : grand quotidien d'information du Centre Ouest

20 juin 19171917/06/20 (A46).Appartient à l’ensemble documentaire : PoitouCh

Targeted Disruption in Mice of a Neural Stem Cell-Maintaining, KRAB-Zn Finger-Encoding Gene That Has Rapidly Evolved in the Human Lineage

<div><p>Understanding the genetic basis of the physical and behavioral traits that separate humans from other primates is a challenging but intriguing topic. The adaptive functions of the expansion and/or reduction in human brain size have long been explored. From a brain transcriptome project we have identified a KRAB-Zn finger protein-encoding gene (M003-A06) that has rapidly evolved since the human-chimpanzee separation. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of different human tissues indicates that M003-A06 expression is enriched in the human fetal brain in addition to the fetal heart. Furthermore, analysis with use of immunofluorescence staining, neurosphere culturing and Western blotting indicates that the mouse ortholog of M003-A06, Zfp568, is expressed mainly in the embryonic stem (ES) cells and fetal as well as adult neural stem cells (NSCs). Conditional gene knockout experiments in mice demonstrates that Zfp568 is both an NSC maintaining- and a brain size-regulating gene. Significantly, molecular genetic analyses show that human M003-A06 consists of 2 equilibrated allelic types, H and C, one of which (H) is human-specific. Combined contemporary genotyping and database mining have revealed interesting genetic associations between the different genotypes of M003-A06 and the human head sizes. We propose that M003-A06 is likely one of the genes contributing to the uniqueness of the human brain in comparison to other higher primates.</p> </div

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the relative brain sizes and other parameters at birth.

<p>The genotype CC is compared against HC and HH and a dominant effect is assumed. Among the four variables considered, only the genotype and length of pregnancy in weeks were significant (p value <0.05). The rest of the variables including the body weight in grams and genders, all have p values greater than 0.05, indicating that they were not associated with the relative brain sizes.</p>*<p>Dominant effect is assumed. The genotype CC is compared with HC and HH.</p

Expression patterns of mouse Zfp568.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Western blots of total protein extracts from different mouse tissues. The blot of the lysates from the mouse ES cells, E12.5 head, and 6 different adult tissues is shown on the left. The blot of the total protein extracts from the embryonic head (E10.5∼E12.5) and the fetal brain (E13.5∼E18.5) is shown on the right. Tubulin in both blots was used as the loading control. (<b>B</b>) Immunofluorescence staining patterns of Zfp568 with the neural stem cells markers Nestin and Sox2 in E12.5 mouse fetal head. The sections were co-stained with the appropriate antibodies. DAPI was used to show the locations of the nuclei. (<b>C</b>) Immunofluorescence staining patterns of Zfp568 with Nestin or Sox2 in the neurospheres. Bar, 50 µm.</p

Plot of the excess of nonsynonymous substitutions between human and chimpanzee against Ka.

<p>The Ka values (X-axis) and the numbers of the excess nonsynonymous substitutions (Y-axis) between human and chimpanzee for 1,668 brain expressed genes were estimated by the maximum likelihood method implemented in PAML and plotted. The excess was calculated as [(number of changes in human) - (number of changes in chimpanzee)]. Thus, a positive value indicates more changes in the human lineage than in the chimpanzee lineage and a negative value means more changes in the chimpanzee lineage. The arrow points to the gene M003-A06, which has the highest number of excess nonsynonymous substitutions in the human lineage.</p

Co-expression of Zfp568 with Nestin but not Tuj1 or MAP2 during neural differentiation of the mouse ES cells.

<p>Mouse ES cells were plated at low density in the ES cell medium containing serum and LIF, and then transferred to N2B27 without LIF after overnight incubation (Day 0). (<b>A</b>) Co-staining patterns of Zfp568 with the ES cell markers Oct4 and Sox2, respectively, of ES cells in the ES medium. (<b>B</b>) Co-staining patterns of Zfp568 with the neural stem cell marker Nestin and neuronal markers, Tuj1 and MAP2, on different days in the N2B27 medium. The percentages of single- and double- stainings, as listed under each panel, were each calculated by scoring the cells in at least three random chosen fields from two independent sets of experiments. (n = 10 for Day3, n = 7 for Day 7, n = 7 for Day 9). Bar, 50 µm.</p

Associations between different genotypes of M003-A06 and the relative head sizes.

<p>Associations with the relative head sizes of Chinese at Taiwan. The DNA samples of 1,244 Chinese children at Taiwan were collected at birth and 6 month of age. After genotyping, the combined C allele frequencies (C1+C2) and the relative head sizes were calculated as described in the <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0047481#s4" target="_blank">Materials and Methods</a> and compared (Numbers of the HH, HC and CC are 653, 490 and 101, respectively). Note the significantly larger relative head size for the CC genotype than for either HH or HC at birth (p = 0.0018, left panel), but not at the age of six months (p = 0.8, right panel). *p<0.05, *** p<0.001, NS: not significant.</p