The effect of mixed <i>Schistosoma</i> infection on bladder morbidity and on hepatic fibrosis.

<p>OR) Odds Ratio; 95%CI) 95% Confidence Interval; Ref.) Reference category; N/A) Not Applicable; *) <i>p</i><0.05; **) <i>p</i><0.01; ***) <i>p</i><0.001.</p>a<p>The trends with age were not significant for <i>S. haematobium</i>-specific bladder morbidity, but for <i>S. mansoni</i>-specific hepatic fibrosis, they were at the level of <i>p</i><0.001 in both analyses.</p>b<p>OR for a 10-fold increase in infection intensity.</p>c<p>Mixed infections as compared to single <i>S. haematobium</i> infections.</p>d<p>Mixed infections as compared to single <i>S. mansoni</i> infections.</p

Flow diagram of literature searches.

<p>^aAdditional records consisted of five yearly reports on <i>Toxocara</i> antibody detection in patients suspected of VLM or OLM; one book chapter on VLM <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001382#pntd.0001382-Beck1" target="_blank">[33]</a> and a master's thesis on toxocariasis in dogs <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001382#pntd.0001382-delaFeRodrguez1" target="_blank">[11]</a>. ^bReasons for exclusion were: 1. non-relevant association between the keywords (60%) (e.g., Cuba as name of the author, reports on <i>Toxocara</i> published in a Cuban journal, paper, or reference to paper conducted in Cuba in which toxocariasis is mentioned as differential diagnosis, papers on <i>Toxocara vitolorum</i>, etc.); 2. reference to a Cuban report on <i>Toxocara</i> seroprevalence data of Cuba (20%); and 3. replicates of the same report within the Google Scholar search (16%). One record was excluded because none of the co-authors was familiar with the language. ^cEligibility criteria were: 1. subject toxocara, toxocariasis, or larva migrans irrespective of the field or type of publication; and 2. new data about Cuba.</p

Bladder and liver co-morbidity in the two co-endemic communities studied.

<p>Number of cases.</p

<i>Schistosoma haematobium</i>-associated bladder morbidity, hematuria and <i>S. haematobium</i> infection in the two co-endemic communities studied.

a<p>GM) Geometric Mean; calculated for microscopically <i>S. haematobium</i>-positive individuals only.</p

<i>S. mansoni</i> egg elimination, infection intensity and bladder morbidity in subjects passing <i>S. haematobium</i> eggs in urine.

a<p>GM) Geometric Mean; 95%CI) 95% Confidence Interval.</p

Risk factors for schistosomiasis morbidity in the total study population.

<p>OR) Odds Ratio; 95%CI) 95% Confidence Interval; Ref.) Reference category; N/A) Not Applicable; *) <i>p</i><0.05; **) <i>p</i><0.01; ***) <i>p</i><0.001.</p>a<p>For <i>S. haematobium</i>-specific bladder morbidity, the trend with age was significant at the level of <i>p</i> = 0.025 in the uni- and <i>p</i> = 0.043 in the multivariable analysis. For <i>S. mansoni</i>-specific hepatic fibrosis, the trend with age was significant in the crude analysis (<i>p</i><0.001). In the adjusted analysis the ORs for hepatic fibrosis increased with age in Diokhor Tack (<i>p</i><0.001) but they did not vary with age in Ndieumeul.</p>b<p>OR for a 10-fold increase in infection intensity.</p

<i>Schistosoma mansoni</i>-associated hepatic fibrosis and <i>S. mansoni</i> infection in the two co-endemic communities studied.

a<p>GM) Geometric Mean; calculated for microscopically <i>S. mansoni</i>-positive individuals only. N/A) Not Applicable.</p

Age distribution of schistosomiasis morbidity in the two co-endemic communities studied.

<p>Colored stacks indicate morbidity prevalences and continuous black lines indicate mean 10log-transformed infection intensities among positive subjects with the standard error of the mean (whiskers). <b>Panel A:</b> Different forms of <i>S. haematobium</i>-specific bladder morbidity are denoted by a color gradient: light yellow stacks designate a urinary bladder score of 1, bright yellow a score of 2 and orange (3 and 4), red (5) and violet (6) indicate higher morbidity scores. The dotted red line indicates hematuria prevalence in a subsample (n = 317). <b>Panel B:</b> The severity of <i>S. mansoni</i>-specific fibrosis is denoted by a color gradient. Yellow stacks designate liver image pattern C, orange pattern D, red pattern E, and violet stacks indicate pattern F. Striped stacks designate those with borderline liver morbidity (pattern B, not classified as morbidity).</p

Chronological overview of reports on <i>T. canis</i> infection in dogs in Cuba.

<p>Chronological overview of reports on <i>T. canis</i> infection in dogs in Cuba.</p

Chronological overview of reports on soil contamination with <i>Toxocara</i> spp. eggs in Cuba.

<p>Chronological overview of reports on soil contamination with <i>Toxocara</i> spp. eggs in Cuba.</p