Pengamatan Infeksi Jamur Patogen Serangga Metarhizium Anisopliae (Metsch. Sorokin) Pada Wereng Coklat [Observation on Infection of Fungus Entomopathogen Metarhizium Anisopliae (Metsch.sorokin) on Brown Plant Hopper]

Observation on infection of fungus entomopathogen Metarhizium anisopliae on insect brown plant hopper was carried out using scanning electron microscope (SEM).The infection of M. anisopliae on insect bodies was shown by conidia sporulation on divergent chain with conidia size of 1.6 x 7.8 urn. Based upon SEM observation, the results revealed that fungus hyphae of M.anisopliae was found on insect body i.e. on cuticle as well as on segment between abdomen, legs and insect facet eyes.In epizootic condition, the cadavers were shown can act as source of fungus dissemination on healthy insect when environment (temperature and humidity) was suitable for primary infection

Faktor Virulensi AvrBs3/PthA Pada Ras III, Ras IV, Ras VIII, Dan IXO93-068 Patogen Hawar Daun Bakteri (Xanthomonas Oryzae Pv. Oryzae)

AvrBs3/PthA Virulence Factor of Bacterial Leaf BlightRace III, Race IV, Race VIII, and IXO93-068. Dwinita W.Utami, Triny S. Kadir, and Siti Yuriyah. Bacterial leafblight (BLB) is an important disease of rice and presentthroughout many of the rice-growing regions in the world,also in Indonesia. Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) isthe causal agent and a member of the Protebacteria and likemany other this phyllum have a type III secretion system forprotein virulence effector (PVE) released on their pathogenicitysystem. Commonly, PVE in Xanthomonas sp., iscoded by AvrBs3/PthA family gene. This research wascoducted to identify the virulence factor of AvrBs3/PthA ondominant Indonesian BLB isolates (Race III, Race IV, RasVIII, and IXO93-068). This objective was obtained bysequence analysis through designed markers for membersof the virulence factor AvrBs3/PthA gene family (PthXo4,avrXa7#38, PthXoS and avrXa7sacB50). Results gave informationthat RaceIII is a dependent elicitor race due to noPVE transcript formed and intraceluler protein target withRLL type on NLS (nuclear localization signal). RaceIV andRaceVIII are the virulent race which PVE active formed withintraceluler protein target and have the RLL and RLLP typefor the NLS signal. While isolate IXO93-068 is a virulenisolate that active formed a PVE but the extraceluler proteintarget is due to no type of NLS. Based on cluster analysis,Race VIII has a genetic distance closely to PthXoS andavrXa7sacB50

Karakter Agronomi Dan Ketahanan Beberapa Galur Pelestari Dihaploid Terhadap Hawar Daun Bakteri

Agronomic Characters and Resistance of Several Dihaploid Maintainer Lines to Bacterial Leaf Blight. Bacterial blight (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, Xoo) is one of the most serious diseases of rice in Indonesia. From previous research thirteen lines of dihaploid (DH) maintainer lines-derived anther culture were selected for developing cytoplasmic male sterile lines. In this research those DH maintainers were evaluated for their agronomic characters such as plant height, number of productive tiller, and seed weight per hill as well as their resistance to Bacterial Leaf Blight (BLB) pathotypes III, IV and VIII at Indonesian Center Rice Research (ICRR), Sukamandi during wet season 2008/2009. The results showed that 10 DH maintainer lines i.e. BioMAc18-H36-3-Ma, BioMAc19-H36-3-Mb, BioMAc20- H36-3-Mc, BioMAc21-H36-4-M, BioMAc26-B1-1-Mb, BioMAc29-B2-1-Db, BioMAc31-B2-1-M, BioMAc33-B2-4- Pb, BioMAc34-B4-1-Da and BioMAc35-B4-1-Dc having plant height ranged from 88.79-104.08 cm, productive tiller ranged from 9 to 13 tillers/hill. Among those DH maintainer lines three lines were resistant to BLB pathotype III, i.e. BioMAc26-B1-1-Mb, BioMAc29-B2-1-Db and BioMAc31- B2-1-M lines, and two lines, i.e. BioMAc21-H36-4-M and BioMAc35-B4-1-Dc were highly resistant to BLB pathotype VIII. Only BioMAc35-B4-1-Dc lines highly resistant to BLB pathotype IV

EVALUATION OF DISEASE SEVERITY ON RICE GENOTYPES TO BACTERIAL BLIGHT USING AMINO ACID CONTENT ANALYSIS

The bacterial blight (BB) disease severity on two rice genotypes i.e.; BP 4110-2d-33 (backcross between Ciherang x Angke; containing Xa-4, xa-5) and BP 3688e-23 (sister lines derived from cingri/memberamo//widas///IRBB 8; containing xa-8) were lower compare with TN-1 (containing Xa-14). The total amino acid content in cultivar’s TN-1 was accounted for about one third to about a half of total amino acid than those of other rice genotypes where the total amino acid was ranging from 1.95% to 4.22%. In BP 3688e-23, and BP 3688e-22 genotypes more amino acid levels were decline although these advance lines showing xa-8 background. BB resistant gene carried by BP 4110-2d-33 and BP 3688e-23 were stable, whilst BP 3688e-22 was less effective to inhibit BB disease severity. Overall, amino acids were not found to be related to the level of BB resistance; where correlation between amino acid content and BB disease severity is not significant. The slower growth of Xoo on rice genotypes BP 4110-2d-33 and BP 3688e-23 may probably due to other than nutritional factors. The degree of resistance in rice genotypes infected by races of pathogen; as well as the resistance gene possessed by genotype BP 3688e-23 need to be further determined

Pencarian Alel Untuk Identifikasi Gen Ketahanan Penyakit Hawar Daun Bakteri, Xa7 Pada Plasma Nutfah Padi Lokal Indonesia

Allele Mining of Bacterial Blight Resistance Gene, Xa7 onIndonesian Local Rice Germplasm. Dwinita W. Utami,Endang M. Septiningsih, Trini S. Kadir, Fatimah, and SitiYuriyah. The abundance of novel genetic variation existingin germplasm collections is the foundation for varietyimprovement in plant breeding program. Nevertheless,studies on Indonesian genetic diversity rice germplasmusing molecular markers are still poorly. Recent advances inutilizing of simple sequence repeat (SSR) in QTL mappingand whole rice genome sequences were positive support ongenetic diversity of rice germplasm research. Based on theseadvance technology, we developed the research to discovernew alleles at important gene loci that can be used for riceimprovement. This approach is recognized as allele miningtechnology. On this study the target genes for allele miningresearch is the resistance gene for bacterial leaf blightpathogen, Xa7. This point was introduced by identify thegenetic diversity of 96 accessions Indonesian local ricegermplasm. The Xa7 allele mining was done by SNP (singlenucleotide polymorphism) designing primers based on DNAsequence around the gene target. The significant LD mapwas detected by association mapping between phenotypeand SNP genotyping data of the selected germplasm whichhaving superior performance on BLB resistance andrepresenting on genetic diversity clustering. The resultsshown that Xa7 allele variation were found in Parekaligolara(Indica, 15141), and Gajah Mada (Indica, 5856), whichresistant to BLB races IV and VIII on generative stage andfield condition. The significant Xa7-SNP8 and Xa7-SNP11markers were associating with the LD map position of Xa7gene on 28, 05-28,1Mb of chromosome 6 in rice genome

Evaluasi Ketahanan Populasi Haploid Ganda Silangan IR64 Dan Oryza Rufipogon Terhadap Hawar Daun Bakteri Pada Stadia Bibit

Evaluation of resistance of double haploid population of crosses between IR64 and Oryza rufipogon against Bacterial Leaf Blight (BLB) at seedling stage was conducted during dry season 2005/2006 in the screen house, at Rice Centre Research at Sukamandi. Inoculum was prepared by isolating BLB infected leaf in laboratory using Wakimoto’s media. Seeds were germinated in petri dish for 48 hours, and then were sown in the plastic boxes size of 40 cm x 30 cm, each family was planted in 10 cm long row. TN1, IRBB, Code, Angke, dan O. rufipogon were used as control. Leaf inoculation of isolates of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (XOO) ras III, IV, and VIII with concentration of 108 cell/ml, were applied to the plants at 18-21 day old plants by cutting method. Fertilizer application as recommended. Pest and weed control were based on necessity. Observation of disease severity was carried out after a sensitive control, TN1, was a severely affected. Observation method based on SES IRRI (1996) which are 1 for plant showed 0-3% of leaf damage, 2(4-6%), 3(7-12%), 4(13-25%), 5(26-50%), 6(51-75%), 7(7-87%), 8(88-94%), and 9 for plant with 95-100% of leaf damage. Result showed that Bio50-ACBlas/ BLB03, Bio59-AC-BLB05 and Bio67-AC-BLB05 lines were resistant to phato-type III, 11 lines showed moderate resistant to phato-type IV, and Bio46-AC-Blas/BLB03, Bio47- AC-BLB05, and Bio48-AC-BLB05 lines were resistant to phato-type VIII. Apart of those, there were 2 lines, Bio38-ACBLB05, and Bio63-AC-Blas/BLB03 showed moderately resistance to three phatotypes tested

Faktor Virulensi AvrBs3/PthA pada Ras III, Ras IV, Ras VIII, dan IXO93-068 Patogen Hawar Daun Bakteri (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae)

AvrBs3/PthA Virulence Factor of Bacterial Leaf BlightRace III, Race IV, Race VIII, and IXO93-068. Dwinita W.Utami, Triny S. Kadir, and Siti Yuriyah. Bacterial leafblight (BLB) is an important disease of rice and presentthroughout many of the rice-growing regions in the world,also in Indonesia. Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) isthe causal agent and a member of the Protebacteria and likemany other this phyllum have a type III secretion system forprotein virulence effector (PVE) released on their pathogenicitysystem. Commonly, PVE in Xanthomonas sp., iscoded by AvrBs3/PthA family gene. This research wascoducted to identify the virulence factor of AvrBs3/PthA ondominant Indonesian BLB isolates (Race III, Race IV, RasVIII, and IXO93-068). This objective was obtained bysequence analysis through designed markers for membersof the virulence factor AvrBs3/PthA gene family (PthXo4,avrXa7#38, PthXoS and avrXa7sacB50). Results gave informationthat RaceIII is a dependent elicitor race due to noPVE transcript formed and intraceluler protein target withRLL type on NLS (nuclear localization signal). RaceIV andRaceVIII are the virulent race which PVE active formed withintraceluler protein target and have the RLL and RLLP typefor the NLS signal. While isolate IXO93-068 is a virulenisolate that active formed a PVE but the extraceluler proteintarget is due to no type of NLS. Based on cluster analysis,Race VIII has a genetic distance closely to PthXoS andavrXa7sacB50

Pencarian Alel untuk Identifikasi Gen Ketahanan Penyakit Hawar Daun Bakteri, Xa7 pada Plasma Nutfah Padi Lokal Indonesia

Allele Mining of Bacterial Blight Resistance Gene, Xa7 onIndonesian Local Rice Germplasm. Dwinita W. Utami,Endang M. Septiningsih, Trini S. Kadir, Fatimah, and SitiYuriyah. The abundance of novel genetic variation existingin germplasm collections is the foundation for varietyimprovement in plant breeding program. Nevertheless,studies on Indonesian genetic diversity rice germplasmusing molecular markers are still poorly. Recent advances inutilizing of simple sequence repeat (SSR) in QTL mappingand whole rice genome sequences were positive support ongenetic diversity of rice germplasm research. Based on theseadvance technology, we developed the research to discovernew alleles at important gene loci that can be used for riceimprovement. This approach is recognized as allele miningtechnology. On this study the target genes for allele miningresearch is the resistance gene for bacterial leaf blightpathogen, Xa7. This point was introduced by identify thegenetic diversity of 96 accessions Indonesian local ricegermplasm. The Xa7 allele mining was done by SNP (singlenucleotide polymorphism) designing primers based on DNAsequence around the gene target. The significant LD mapwas detected by association mapping between phenotypeand SNP genotyping data of the selected germplasm whichhaving superior performance on BLB resistance andrepresenting on genetic diversity clustering. The resultsshown that Xa7 allele variation were found in Parekaligolara(Indica, 15141), and Gajah Mada (Indica, 5856), whichresistant to BLB races IV and VIII on generative stage andfield condition. The significant Xa7-SNP8 and Xa7-SNP11markers were associating with the LD map position of Xa7gene on 28, 05-28,1Mb of chromosome 6 in rice genome