Annuity Markets in Japan

In Japan, annuities are not currently very popular as a means to finance retirement, since many people rely on government social security benefits in old age. When annuities are sold, they tend not to be life payouts but rather term-certain products. In this sense, the annuity puzzle also applies to Japan. We discuss possible reasons for the unpopularity of annuity products, including costs and inequitable taxation that hinders people from buying them

Unifying Pension Schemes in Japan: Toward a Single Scheme for Both Civil Servants and Private Employees

A topic of long-standing discussion in Japan has been how to equitably merge the retirement plans for civil servants and private employees, which in the past have been managed separately. Recent legislation sought to unify social security pension schemes for all employees, by extending the coverage of the Japanese Employees’ Pension Insurance Scheme which covers private employees to include civil servants as well. We describe how Japanese social security pension schemes have evolved, the forces driving the merger of these plans, and what future prospects may be

Japan's pension reform

Rapid population ageing has led to repeated adjustments to the parameters of Japan's public pension scheme over the last decade, all aimed at achieving long run financial balance. The most recent attempt, describe in this paper, introduces an adjustment mechanism that links future benefit levels to the underlying determinants of the scheme's finances. This mechanism is similar to those recently introduced in Germany and, to a lesser extent, in Sweden, and fundamentally alters the concept of the'defined benefit'. Changes to how pension reserves are invested are also described. Finally, the benefit reductions in the public scheme and recent regulatory changes suggest an increased future role for complementary private provision.Economic Theory&Research,Pensions&Retirement Systems,Technology Industry,State Owned Enterprise Reform,Demographics

分子生物学的手法によるPPAR活性化薬の性状解析

筑波大学 (University of Tsukuba)201

分子生物学的手法によるPPAR活性化薬の性状解析

筑波大学 (University of Tsukuba)201

End-to-end complexity for simulating the Schwinger model on quantum computers

The Schwinger model is one of the simplest gauge theories. It is known that a topological term of the model leads to the infamous sign problem in the classical Monte Carlo method. In contrast to this, recently, quantum computing in Hamiltonian formalism has gained attention. In this work, we estimate the resources needed for quantum computers to compute physical quantities that are challenging to compute on classical computers. Specifically, we propose an efficient implementation of block-encoding of the Schwinger model Hamiltonian. Considering the structure of the Hamiltonian, this block-encoding with a normalization factor of $\mathcal{O}(N^3)$ can be implemented using $\mathcal{O}(N+\log^2(N/\varepsilon))$ T gates. As an end-to-end application, we compute the vacuum persistence amplitude. As a result, we found that for a system size $N=100$ and an additive error $\varepsilon=0.01$, with an evolution time $t$ and a lattice spacing a satisfying $t/2a=10$, the vacuum persistence amplitude can be calculated using about $10^{13}$ T gates. Our results provide insights into predictions about the performance of quantum computers in the FTQC and early FTQC era, clarifying the challenges in solving meaningful problems within a realistic timeframe.Comment: 29 pages, 16 figure