Biochemical changes that occur in a dying cell with disrupted osmoregulation.

It is believed that hydropic drugs might inactivate the Na+/K+ antiporter pump or alternatively lead to decreased ATP production, ultimately leading to accumulation of Na+, Ca2+, and water and effluxes of K+ and Mg2+. A decreased Mg2+ level also suggests impaired functioning of the Na+/K+ pump. The drug might cause a rapid influx of water by an as of yet unknown mechanism, causing organelles (vacuoles, Golgi bodies, mitochondria, and rough endoplasmic reticulum) to dilate extensively and disrupting normal biological functioning. Water-filled vacuoles tend to fuse to form giant vacuoles that subsequently rupture and kill cells. Contrariwise, mitochondrial damage might also be a factor for decreased ATP production in the cell. The dashed lines (red or black) indicate uncharacterized sections of the pathway, while solid lines (black) represent regular biological attributes. ATP, adenosine triphosphate; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; ROS, reactive oxygen species.</p

Chemicals that trigger vacuole formation in parasitic nematodes.

Chemicals that trigger vacuole formation in parasitic nematodes.</p

Sequence of vacuolar cell death in parasitic nematodes.

Hydropic anthelmintics, such as 5-iodoindole, disrupt osmoregulation causing rapid water influx into nematodes. This leads to the formation of multiple vacuoles. Depending on the severity of the injury or chemical dosages, injury due to vacuolization can be classified as reversible (where the nematodes can be revived back to life) or irreversible (where the nematodes pass the point of no return, causing them to die). ATP, adenosine triphosphate. The phenotypes were re-constructed by adopting images and concepts from our previous publications [12, 14].</p

DataSheet_1_Antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of halogenated phenylboronic acids against Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio harveyi.docx

Vibrios are associated with live seafood because they are part of the indigenous marine microflora. In Asia, foodborne infections caused by Vibrio spp. are common. In recent years, V. parahaemolyticus has become the leading cause of all reported food poisoning outbreaks. Therefore, the halogenated acid and its 33 derivatives were investigated for their antibacterial efficacy against V. parahaemolyticus. The compounds 3,5-diiodo-2-methoxyphenylboronic acid (DIMPBA) and 2-fluoro-5-iodophenylboronic acid (FIPBA) exhibited antibacterial and antibiofilm activity. DIMPBA and FIPBA had minimum inhibitory concentrations of 100 μg/mL for the planktonic cell growth and prevented biofilm formation in a dose-dependent manner. Both iodo-boric acids could diminish the several virulence factors influencing the motility, agglutination of fimbria, hydrophobicity, and indole synthesis. Consequently, these two active halogenated acids hampered the proliferation of the planktonic and biofilm cells. Moreover, these compounds have the potential to effectively inhibit the presence of biofilm formation on the surface of both squid and shrimp models.</p

Effect of indole (500 μM) on the motility of BW25113 wild-type (W/T), BW25113 , BW25113 , BW25113 , and BW25113

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Indole is an inter-species biofilm signal mediated by SdiA"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2180/7/42</p><p>BMC Microbiology 2007;7():42-42.</p><p>Published online 18 May 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1899176.</p><p></p> Motility halos were measured at 8 h. Each experiment was repeated two or four times, and one standard deviation is shown. DMF (0.1 %, v/v) was used as a negative control

Data_Sheet_1_Antibiofilm and Antimicrobial Activities of Chloroindoles Against Uropathogenic Escherichia coli.docx

Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is a nosocomial pathogen associated with urinary tract infections and expresses several virulence factors that cause recurring infections and cystitis of the bladder, which can lead to pyelonephritis. UPEC uses different types of extracellular appendages like fimbriae and pili that aid colonization and adherence to bladder epithelium and can form persistent biofilm-like bacterial communities that aid its survival after the deployment of host immune responses. We investigated the antibiofilm, antimicrobial, and antivirulence properties of three indole derivatives namely, 4-chloroindole, 5-chloroindole, and 5-chloro 2-methyl indole. All the three chloroindoles had MICs of 75 μg/ml and inhibited biofilm formation by an average of 67% at 20 μg/ml. In addition, they inhibited swarming and swimming motilities, which are essential for dissemination from bacterial communities and colonization, reduced cell surface hydrophobicity, and inhibited indole production and curli formation. Gene expression analysis showed all three chloroindoles significantly downregulated the expressions of virulence genes associated with adhesion, stress regulation, and toxin production. A 3D-QSAR analysis revealed substitutions at the fourth and fifth positions of the indole moiety favored antimicrobial activity. Furthermore, these chloroindoles potently inhibited biofilm formation in other nosocomial pathogens and polymicrobial consortia.</p

Acid resistance of BW25113 wild-type (W/T) and various knockout mutants in LB medium (pH 2

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Indole is an inter-species biofilm signal mediated by SdiA"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2180/7/42</p><p>BMC Microbiology 2007;7():42-42.</p><p>Published online 18 May 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1899176.</p><p></p>5) at 37°C. Each experiment was repeated two or four times and one standard deviation is shown

Data_Sheet_1_Inhibition of growth, biofilm formation, virulence, and surface attachment of Agrobacterium tumefaciens by cinnamaldehyde derivatives.PDF

Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a soil-borne, saprophytic plant pathogen that colonizes plant surfaces and induces tumors in a wide range of dicotyledonous plants by transferring and expressing its T-DNA genes. The limited availabilities and efficacies of current treatments necessitate the exploration of new anti-Agrobacterium agents. We examined the effects of trans-cinnamaldehyde (t-CNMA) and its derivatives on the cell surface hydrophobicity, exopolysaccharide and exo-protease production, swimming motility on agar, and biofilm forming ability of A. tumefaciens. Based on initial biofilm inhibition results and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) data, 4-nitro, 4-chloro, and 4-fluoro CNMAs were further tested. 4-Nitro, 4-chloro, and 4-fluoro CNMA at ≥150 μg/ml significantly inhibited biofilm formation by 94–99%. Similarly, biofilm formation on polystyrene or nylon was substantially reduced by 4-nitro and 4-chloro CNMAs as determined by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and 3-D spectrum plots. 4-Nitro and 4-chloro CNMAs induced cell shortening and concentration- and time-dependently reduced cell growth. Virulence factors were significantly and dose-dependently suppressed by 4-nitro and 4-chloro CNMAs (P ≤ 0.05). Gene expressional changes were greater after 4-nitro CNMA than t-CNMA treatment, as determined by qRT-PCR. Furthermore, some genes essential for biofilm formation, motility, and virulence genes significantly downregulated by 4-nitro CNMA. Seed germination of Raphanus sativus was not hindered by 4-nitro or 4-fluoro CNMA at concentrations ≤200 μg/ml, but root surface biofilm formation was severely inhibited. This study is the first to report the anti-Agrobacterium biofilm and anti-virulence effects of 4-nitro, 4-chloro, and 4-fluoro CNMAs and t-CNMA and indicates that they should be considered starting points for the development of anti-Agrobacterium agents.</p

Effect of the , , , , and mutations on biofilm formation in LB glu media

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Indole is an inter-species biofilm signal mediated by SdiA"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2180/7/42</p><p>BMC Microbiology 2007;7():42-42.</p><p>Published online 18 May 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1899176.</p><p></p> Biomass measured at 540 nm after 24 h. Each experiment was repeated two or four times, and one standard deviation is shown

Biofilm formation in LB glu at 24 h in flow cells (A) with wild-type K-12 BW25113, (B) with wild-type K-12 BW25113 with 500 μM indole, and (C) with K-12 BW25113

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Indole is an inter-species biofilm signal mediated by SdiA"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2180/7/42</p><p>BMC Microbiology 2007;7():42-42.</p><p>Published online 18 May 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1899176.</p><p></p> Scale bar is 5 μm