Gender Gaps in the Measurement of Public Opinion About Homosexuality in Cross-national Surveys: A Question-Wording Experiment

Measures of attitudes towards homosexuality in cross-national studies have received criticism for not being ‘gender-sensitive’. The current study used a split-ballot design allowing for separate analyses of the attitudes towards ‘gay men and lesbian women’, ‘gay men’, and ‘lesbian women’ in a pooled sample of 3,381 participants from Great Britain, Hungary, and Portugal. Analyses controlling for sociodemographics showed that differences in attitudes towards male and female targets were generally small and did not interact with the gender of the rater. In addition, results showed that men’s attitudes towards homosexuality were more strongly related to their gender ideology than women’s attitudes. Implications of these findings for cross-national studies measuring attitudes towards homosexuality are discussed

Effects of Manganese Doping into Nickel Hydroxides for the Electrochemical Conversion of KA Oil

Selective oxidative cleavage of C(OH)–C or C(O)–C bonds in cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone (KA oil) to produce adipic acid (AA), a monomer for the synthesis of nylon-66, is of significant importance for the petrochemical industry. Herein, we report an electrochemical method to improve the efficiency for upgrading KA oil into AA. Free-standing electrodes consisting of hydroxides (Ni(OH)2 and Mn-doped Ni(OH)2) supported by carbon paper were fabricated via an in situ electrodeposition process and further examined for KA oil conversion. The morphology and structures of the samples were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The electrochemical performance of the samples was studied by cyclic voltammetry, linear sweep voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The products of KA oil oxidation were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The introduction of manganese into nickel hydroxides enhanced the catalytic performance in terms of activity and product selectivity. Specifically, the optimal sample exhibited a current density of 50 mA mg–1 and selectivity of 46.8%, which are superior to those of pure nickel hydroxides. Such enhancement was attributed to the electronic interaction of manganese with nickel hydroxides, thereby modifying the adsorption of the substrates. Interestingly, the introduction of Mn into nickel hydroxides had negligible effects in the oxygen evolution reaction. The effects of critical parameters including substrate composition, reaction temperatures, KOH concentrations, and electrolysis time on the conversion of KA oil were investigated

Pairwise distances (%) for internal transcribed spacer (lower left) and combined plastid (upper right) sequences from 19 <i>Saussurea</i> species.

<p>Pairwise distances (%) for internal transcribed spacer (lower left) and combined plastid (upper right) sequences from 19 <i>Saussurea</i> species.</p

The 50% majority rule consensus tree derived from Bayesian analysis of the combined plastid dataset.

<p>Posterior probabilities (PPs) and bootstrap percentages (BPs) are indicated above and below the branches, respectively.</p

Comparison of <i>Saussurea involucrata</i>, <i>S</i>. <i>orgaadayi</i>, and <i>S</i>. <i>bogedaensis</i>.

<p>Comparison of <i>Saussurea involucrata</i>, <i>S</i>. <i>orgaadayi</i>, and <i>S</i>. <i>bogedaensis</i>.</p

<i>Saussurea bogedaensis</i> in the wild.

<p><i>Saussurea bogedaensis</i> in the wild.</p

List of the primers used in this study.

<p>List of the primers used in this study.</p

Map showing the locations visited to obtain samples of <i>Saussurea bogedaensis</i>, <i>S</i>. <i>orgaadayi</i>, and <i>S</i>. <i>involucrata</i>.

<p>Map showing the locations visited to obtain samples of <i>Saussurea bogedaensis</i>, <i>S</i>. <i>orgaadayi</i>, and <i>S</i>. <i>involucrata</i>.</p

Origins of materials (all these samples are from China) and GenBank accession numbers (ITS, <i>mat</i>K, <i>psb</i>A-<i>trn</i>H, and <i>trn</i>K).

<p>Origins of materials (all these samples are from China) and GenBank accession numbers (ITS, <i>mat</i>K, <i>psb</i>A-<i>trn</i>H, and <i>trn</i>K).</p

The 50% majority rule consensus tree derived from Bayesian analysis of the nuclear internal transcribed spacer.

<p>Posterior probabilities (PPs) and bootstrap percentages (BPs) are indicated above and below the branches, respectively.</p