ERPs elicited by the standard and deviant stimuli in the happy and fearful oddball conditions.

<p>The left occipito-temporal waveform was the average neural activation at electrodes TP7, P7, PO7, CB1, and O1. The right occipito-temporal waveform was obtained from the average of TP8, P8, PO8, CB2, and O2.</p

Means and standard deviations of vMMN amplitudes (μV) in each expression condition.

<p>Means and standard deviations of vMMN amplitudes (μV) in each expression condition.</p

Participants’ means and standard deviations of IQ scores and SES characteristics.

<p>Participants’ means and standard deviations of IQ scores and SES characteristics.</p

The topographic maps of vMMN components in both happy and fearful conditions during the time windows of 50–130 ms and 320–450 ms.

<p>The topographic maps of vMMN components in both happy and fearful conditions during the time windows of 50–130 ms and 320–450 ms.</p

vMMN componentsin the fearful (Fig 3A) and happy oddball (Fig 3B) conditions.

<p>The vMMNs in the deviant fearful minus standard fearful condition, and the left frontal waveform was the average neural activation at electrodes of F1, F3, and F5. The right frontal waveform was obtained from F2, F4, and F6. The left occipito-temporal waveform was from TP7, P7, PO7, CB1, and O1. The right occipito-temporal waveform was from TP8, P8, PO8, CB2, and O2.</p

Supplementary Information files for A gifted SNARC? Directional spatial-numerical associations in gifted children with high-level math skills do not differ from controls

Supplementary Information files for A gifted SNARC? Directional spatial-numerical associations in gifted children with high-level math skills do not differ from controlsThe SNARC (Spatial-Numerical Association of Response Codes) efect (i.e., a tendency to associate small/large magnitude numbers with the left/right hand side) is prevalent across the whole lifespan. Because the ability to relate numbers to space has been viewed as a cornerstone in the development of mathematical skills, the relationship between the SNARC efect and math skills has been frequently examined. The results remain largely inconsistent. Studies testing groups of people with very low or very high skill levels in math sometimes found relationships between SNARC and math skills. So far, however, studies testing such extreme math skills level groups were mostly investigating the SNARC efect in individuals revealing math difculties. Groups with above average math skills remain understudied, especially in regard to children. Here, we investigate the SNARC efect in gifted children, as compared to normally developing children (overall n=165). Frequentist and Bayesian analysis suggested that the groups did not difer from each other in the SNARC efect. These results are the frst to provide evidence for the SNARC efect in a relatively large sample of gifted (and mathematically highly skilled) children. In sum, our study provides another piece of evidence for no direct link between the SNARC efect and mathematical ability in childhood.<br

Comparison of CPT performance between intellectually gifted and intellectually average children.

*<p>p<0.05,</p>**<p>p<0.01,</p>***<p>p<0.001.</p

Trend of rate of commission error in the three stages of CPT between standard education and enrichment education.

<p>Trend of rate of commission error in the three stages of CPT between standard education and enrichment education.</p

Trend of rate of commission error in the three stages of CPT between intellectually average and gifted children.

<p>Trend of rate of commission error in the three stages of CPT between intellectually average and gifted children.</p