The clinical data in 8 cases of benign orbital tumors with bone destructions in children.

<p>The clinical data in 8 cases of benign orbital tumors with bone destructions in children.</p

Histopathological involvements using the International Classification for Retinoblastoma (ICRB).

<p>Histopathological involvements using the International Classification for Retinoblastoma (ICRB).</p

Color Doppler ultrasound examination showing an intraocular tumor, 8× 6 mm, with rich blood flow within the mass.

<p>Color Doppler ultrasound examination showing an intraocular tumor, 8× 6 mm, with rich blood flow within the mass.</p

Histopathological involvements of retinoblastoma using different tumor size.

<p>Histopathological involvements of retinoblastoma using different tumor size.</p

Photograph of the fundus showing a pink-white tumor of the right retina in a 2-year-old child, classified as Reese-Ellsworth classification II and International Classification for Retinoblastoma Group C.

<p>Photograph of the fundus showing a pink-white tumor of the right retina in a 2-year-old child, classified as Reese-Ellsworth classification II and International Classification for Retinoblastoma Group C.</p

Histopathological involvements of retinoblastoma using the Reese-Ellsworth Staging systems.

<p>Postlaminar 1: postlaminar without invasion of cut end of optic nerve;</p><p>Postlaminar 2: postlaminar with invasion of cut end of optic nerve.</p

Chemical Speciation Distribution and Thermal Stability of Heavy Metals along Flue Gas Cleaning Systems in a Hazardous Waste Incinerator

Hazardous heavy metals may release from incineration residues in the utilization concerning heat treatment or landfills, which would cause great harm on the environment. The evaluation of chemical speciation and thermal stability of heavy metals are of great significance for the control of heavy metal pollution during heat treatments. In this study, chemical speciation distribution and thermal stability of heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Se, Zn, and Hg) along flue gas cleaning systems were investigated in a hazardous waste incinerator located in Zhejiang, China. The chemical speciation and thermal stability of heavy metals, environmental risk evaluation, and morphological and mineralogical characteristics of incineration residues were assessed before and after heat treatments. Results indicated that the chemical speciation of heavy metals in the bottom slag, burn-out chamber ash, boiler ash, and bag filter ash varied significantly. The thermal stability of heavy metals in the incineration residues was significantly influenced by chemical speciation, and the thermal stability of the chemical speciation decreased basically in the order of residual form > reducible form > oxidizable form > acid soluble form. As, Cr, and Se showed high thermal stability due to the fact that they were involved in the crystallization reaction, and heat treatment would promote the transformation from mobile fractions into the residual fraction. Hg and Cd displayed the worst thermal stability, and high-temperature heat treatment would contribute to secondary volatilization from the incineration residues. More attention should be paid to the secondary volatilization of Hg and Cd during thermal disposal. Cu, Pb, and Zn had moderate thermal stability, and heat treatment would cause the volatilization of mobile fractions and the transformation from mobile fractions into the residual fraction. Pretreatments such as water-washing or adding a chemical stabilizer would be conducive to reducing the volatilization of heavy metals during thermal disposal

A–C: Patient with orbital eosinophilic granuloma (case4).

<p>Figure 1A: Clinical appearance of fullness of the upper eyelid of the right eye. Figure 1B: Computed tomography (CT) shows erosion of an intraorbital soft tissue mass through anterior and posterior cortex of frontal bone, similar to malignant tumors. Figure 1C: The tumor tissues comprised pathologic Langerhans cells, eosinophils, scat-tered lymphocytes, plasma cells, and multinucleated giant cells (magnification ×400; hematoxylin-eosin stain).</p

Histopathology slides showing postlaminar optic nerve invasion of the tumor cells (hematoxylin-eosin stain).

<p>Histopathology slides showing postlaminar optic nerve invasion of the tumor cells (hematoxylin-eosin stain).</p

A–D: Patient with primary orbital intraosseous hemangioma complicated with hematoma (case8).

<p>Figure 3A: Clinical appearance of lower eyelid mass with obvious upward displacement of the right eye. Figure 3B, C: Computed tomography scan (Axial, Figure 3B; Sagittal, Figure 3C) disclosed a smoothly outlined homogeneous soft tissue mass in the inferior-anterior part of the right orbit, with remarkable bone destruction of the lower orbital rim. Figure 3D: The histopathologic finding of primary orbital intraosseous hemangioma, consisting of the thin-walled blood vessels which are closely clustered and separated by normal bony tissue (magnification ×200; hematoxylin-eosin stain).</p