Texts of Kolima dialect of Yukaghir

<p>Clinical chemistry data of monkeys fed on diets containing GM rice or non-GM rice.</p

Directed Assembly of Mesoscopic Metallocycles with Controllable Size, Chirality, and Functionality Based on the Robust Pt−Alkynyl Linkage

This paper describes expeditious stepwise directed assembly of large homochiral metallocycles with up to 38 6,6‘-bis(alkynyl)-1,1‘-binaphthalene bridging ligands (L) and 38 trans-Pt(PEt3)2 ([Pt]) centers and with cavities as large as 22 nm in diameter. These unprecedented mesoscopic metallocycles are synthesized by cyclization of different lengths of oligomeric building blocks, Lm[Pt]m+1Cl2 (m = 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 19, and 31) and [Pt]nLn+1H2 (n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 18, and 30), and have been characterized by a variety of techniques, including 1H{31P}, 13C{1H}, and 31P{1H} NMR spectroscopy, MALDI-TOF MS, elemental analysis, FT-IR, UV−vis, CD, size-exclusion chromatography, and diffusion-ordered NMR spectroscopy. The present synthetic methodology was also extended to the synthesis of non-homochiral metallocycles of very different topologies and macrocyclic structures with additional functional groups precisely placed at different positions. This work provides a general strategy for the construction of nanoscopic and mesoscopic functional supramolecular architectures of controllable size, chirality, and functionality that cannot be accessed from the existing synthetic approaches

Expeditious Assembly of Mesoscopic Metallocycles

Very large chiral metallocycles with tunable cavities in the range of 0.9−22 nm were efficiently assembled from the requisite metal- and ligand-terminated oligomers that are built from the 2,2‘-diacetoxy-1,1‘-binaphthyl-3,3‘-bis(ethyne) bridging ligand and trans-Pt(PEt3)2 metal connector. These unprecedented nanoscopic and mesoscopic molecular metallocycles have been characterized with 1H, 13C{H}, and 31P{1H} NMR spectroscopy, microanalysis, IR, UV−vis, and circular dichroism spectroscopies, MALDI-TOF MS, and size exclusion chromatography (SEC). SEC results indicated that the metallocycles appear to be much more compact and rigid than the metal- and ligand-terminated oligomers. The present molecular metallocycles provide interesting building blocks for the construction of larger functional structures that cannot be accessed from a top-down approach

Self-Assembly of Chiral Molecular Polygons

Treatment of 2,2‘-diacetyl-1,1‘-binaphthyl-6,6‘-bis(ethyne), L-H2, with 1 equiv of trans-Pt(PEt3)2Cl2 led to a mixture of different sizes of chiral metallocycles [trans-(PEt3)2Pt(L)]n (n = 3−8, 1−6). Each of the chiral molecular polygons 1−6 was purified by silica gel column chromatography and characterized by 1H, 13C{H}, and 31P{1H} NMR spectroscopy, MS, IR, UV−vis, and circular dichroism spectroscopies, and microanalysis. The presence of tunable cavities (1.4−4.3 nm) and chiral functionalities in these molecular polygons promises to make them excellent receptors for a variety of guests

Directed Assembly of Mesoscopic Metallocycles with Controllable Size, Chirality, and Functionality Based on the Robust Pt−Alkynyl Linkage

This paper describes expeditious stepwise directed assembly of large homochiral metallocycles with up to 38 6,6‘-bis(alkynyl)-1,1‘-binaphthalene bridging ligands (L) and 38 trans-Pt(PEt3)2 ([Pt]) centers and with cavities as large as 22 nm in diameter. These unprecedented mesoscopic metallocycles are synthesized by cyclization of different lengths of oligomeric building blocks, Lm[Pt]m+1Cl2 (m = 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 19, and 31) and [Pt]nLn+1H2 (n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 18, and 30), and have been characterized by a variety of techniques, including 1H{31P}, 13C{1H}, and 31P{1H} NMR spectroscopy, MALDI-TOF MS, elemental analysis, FT-IR, UV−vis, CD, size-exclusion chromatography, and diffusion-ordered NMR spectroscopy. The present synthetic methodology was also extended to the synthesis of non-homochiral metallocycles of very different topologies and macrocyclic structures with additional functional groups precisely placed at different positions. This work provides a general strategy for the construction of nanoscopic and mesoscopic functional supramolecular architectures of controllable size, chirality, and functionality that cannot be accessed from the existing synthetic approaches

Table_1_Optimizing RNAi-Target by Nicotiana benthamiana-Soybean Mosaic Virus System Drives Broad Resistance to Soybean Mosaic Virus in Soybean.DOCX

Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) is a prevalent pathogen of soybean (Glycine max). Pyramiding multiple SMV-resistance genes into one individual is tedious and difficult, and even if successful, the obtained multiple resistance might be broken by pathogen mutation, while targeting viral genome via host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) has potential to explore broad-spectrum resistance (BSR) to SMV. We identified five conserved target fragments (CTFs) from S1 to S5 using multiple sequence alignment of 30 SMV genome sequences and assembled the corresponding target-inverted-repeat constructs (TIRs) from S1-TIR to S5-TIR. Since the inefficiency of soybean genetic transformation hinders the function verification of batch TIRs in SMV-resistance, the Nicotiana benthamiana-chimeric-SMV and N. benthamiana-pSMV-GUS pathosystems combined with Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression assays were invented and used to test the efficacy of these TIRs. From that, S1-TIR assembled from 462 bp CTF-S1 with 92% conservation rate performed its best on inhibiting SMV multiplication. Accordingly, S1-TIR was transformed into SMV-susceptible soybean NN1138-2, the resistant-healthy transgenic T1-plants were then picked out via detached-leaf inoculation assay with the stock-plants continued for progeny reproduction (T1 dual-utilization). All the four T3 transgenic progenies showed immunity to all the inoculated 11 SMV strains under individual or mixed inoculation, achieving a strong BSR. Thus, optimizing target for HIGS via transient N. benthamiana-chimeric-SMV and N. benthamiana-pSMV-GUS assays is crucial to drive robust resistance to SMV in soybean and the transgenic S1-TIR-lines will be a potential breeding source for SMV control in field.</p

Table_3_Optimizing RNAi-Target by Nicotiana benthamiana-Soybean Mosaic Virus System Drives Broad Resistance to Soybean Mosaic Virus in Soybean.DOCX

Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) is a prevalent pathogen of soybean (Glycine max). Pyramiding multiple SMV-resistance genes into one individual is tedious and difficult, and even if successful, the obtained multiple resistance might be broken by pathogen mutation, while targeting viral genome via host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) has potential to explore broad-spectrum resistance (BSR) to SMV. We identified five conserved target fragments (CTFs) from S1 to S5 using multiple sequence alignment of 30 SMV genome sequences and assembled the corresponding target-inverted-repeat constructs (TIRs) from S1-TIR to S5-TIR. Since the inefficiency of soybean genetic transformation hinders the function verification of batch TIRs in SMV-resistance, the Nicotiana benthamiana-chimeric-SMV and N. benthamiana-pSMV-GUS pathosystems combined with Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression assays were invented and used to test the efficacy of these TIRs. From that, S1-TIR assembled from 462 bp CTF-S1 with 92% conservation rate performed its best on inhibiting SMV multiplication. Accordingly, S1-TIR was transformed into SMV-susceptible soybean NN1138-2, the resistant-healthy transgenic T1-plants were then picked out via detached-leaf inoculation assay with the stock-plants continued for progeny reproduction (T1 dual-utilization). All the four T3 transgenic progenies showed immunity to all the inoculated 11 SMV strains under individual or mixed inoculation, achieving a strong BSR. Thus, optimizing target for HIGS via transient N. benthamiana-chimeric-SMV and N. benthamiana-pSMV-GUS assays is crucial to drive robust resistance to SMV in soybean and the transgenic S1-TIR-lines will be a potential breeding source for SMV control in field.</p

Image_1_Optimizing RNAi-Target by Nicotiana benthamiana-Soybean Mosaic Virus System Drives Broad Resistance to Soybean Mosaic Virus in Soybean.TIF

Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) is a prevalent pathogen of soybean (Glycine max). Pyramiding multiple SMV-resistance genes into one individual is tedious and difficult, and even if successful, the obtained multiple resistance might be broken by pathogen mutation, while targeting viral genome via host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) has potential to explore broad-spectrum resistance (BSR) to SMV. We identified five conserved target fragments (CTFs) from S1 to S5 using multiple sequence alignment of 30 SMV genome sequences and assembled the corresponding target-inverted-repeat constructs (TIRs) from S1-TIR to S5-TIR. Since the inefficiency of soybean genetic transformation hinders the function verification of batch TIRs in SMV-resistance, the Nicotiana benthamiana-chimeric-SMV and N. benthamiana-pSMV-GUS pathosystems combined with Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression assays were invented and used to test the efficacy of these TIRs. From that, S1-TIR assembled from 462 bp CTF-S1 with 92% conservation rate performed its best on inhibiting SMV multiplication. Accordingly, S1-TIR was transformed into SMV-susceptible soybean NN1138-2, the resistant-healthy transgenic T1-plants were then picked out via detached-leaf inoculation assay with the stock-plants continued for progeny reproduction (T1 dual-utilization). All the four T3 transgenic progenies showed immunity to all the inoculated 11 SMV strains under individual or mixed inoculation, achieving a strong BSR. Thus, optimizing target for HIGS via transient N. benthamiana-chimeric-SMV and N. benthamiana-pSMV-GUS assays is crucial to drive robust resistance to SMV in soybean and the transgenic S1-TIR-lines will be a potential breeding source for SMV control in field.</p

MOESM2 of Agrobacterium rhizogenes-induced soybean hairy roots versus Soybean mosaic virus (ARISHR-SMV) is an efficient pathosystem for studying soybean–virus interactions

Additional file 2: Table S1 The primers are used to construct control and destination vectors

Image_2_Optimizing RNAi-Target by Nicotiana benthamiana-Soybean Mosaic Virus System Drives Broad Resistance to Soybean Mosaic Virus in Soybean.TIF

Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) is a prevalent pathogen of soybean (Glycine max). Pyramiding multiple SMV-resistance genes into one individual is tedious and difficult, and even if successful, the obtained multiple resistance might be broken by pathogen mutation, while targeting viral genome via host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) has potential to explore broad-spectrum resistance (BSR) to SMV. We identified five conserved target fragments (CTFs) from S1 to S5 using multiple sequence alignment of 30 SMV genome sequences and assembled the corresponding target-inverted-repeat constructs (TIRs) from S1-TIR to S5-TIR. Since the inefficiency of soybean genetic transformation hinders the function verification of batch TIRs in SMV-resistance, the Nicotiana benthamiana-chimeric-SMV and N. benthamiana-pSMV-GUS pathosystems combined with Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression assays were invented and used to test the efficacy of these TIRs. From that, S1-TIR assembled from 462 bp CTF-S1 with 92% conservation rate performed its best on inhibiting SMV multiplication. Accordingly, S1-TIR was transformed into SMV-susceptible soybean NN1138-2, the resistant-healthy transgenic T1-plants were then picked out via detached-leaf inoculation assay with the stock-plants continued for progeny reproduction (T1 dual-utilization). All the four T3 transgenic progenies showed immunity to all the inoculated 11 SMV strains under individual or mixed inoculation, achieving a strong BSR. Thus, optimizing target for HIGS via transient N. benthamiana-chimeric-SMV and N. benthamiana-pSMV-GUS assays is crucial to drive robust resistance to SMV in soybean and the transgenic S1-TIR-lines will be a potential breeding source for SMV control in field.</p