BMP-2 Is Involved in Scleral Remodeling in Myopia Development

<div><p>The development of myopia is associated with scleral remodeling, but it is unclear which factors regulate this process. This study investigated bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) expression in the sclera of guinea pigs with lens-induced myopia (LIM) and after recovery from myopia and evaluated the effect of BMP-2 on extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis in human scleral fibroblasts (HSFs) cultured <i>in vitro</i>. Lens-induced myopia was brought about in two groups of guinea pigs (the lens-induced myopia and myopia recovery groups) by placing -4.00 D lenses on the right eye for three weeks. The left eye served as a contralateral control. In the recovery group, the lenses were removed after one week. The refractive power and axial length of the eyes were measured, and the BMP-2 expression levels in the sclera were measured. After three weeks, the lens-induced eyes acquired relative myopia in both groups of guinea pigs. Immunostaining of the eyeballs revealed significantly decreased BMP-2 expression in the posterior sclera of the myopic eyes compared to the contralateral eyes. One week after lens removal, BMP-2 expression recovered, and no differences were observed between the experimental and contralateral eyes in the recovery group. HSFs were cultured with BMP-2 or transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). Type I and type III collagen synthesis was significantly up-regulated following BMP-2 treatment in culture after one and two weeks, but the ratio of type III to type I collagen mRNA was not increased. Biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and aggrecan was increased in HSFs treated with BMP-2. Some chondrogenesis-associated genes expression increased in HSFs treated with BMP-2. From this study, we concluded that BMP-2 is involved in scleral remodeling in the development and recovery of lens-induced myopia.</p></div

The effect of BMP-2 on type I collagen expression in HSFs.

<p>The expression of type III collagen in HSFs after 3 days (A), 1 week (B) and 2 weeks (C). Lane 1-Untreated control, Lane 2–10 ng/ml BMP-2, Lane 3–50 ng/ml BMP-2, Lane 4–100 ng/ml BMP-2, Lane 5–10 ng/ml TGF-β1. The data are expressed as the mean±SEM, N = 3, * p≤0.05 vs. control. Real-time PCR (E) also shows an increase in type III collagen after BMP-2 and TGF-β1 treatment (D). Immunocytochemistry (F) reveals the expression of type III collagen in HSFs after 7 days culture. The ratio of type III/I collagen mRNA increased significantly in HSFs treated with 50ng/BMP-2 for 3 days compared to control cells, but this ratio decreased and was not changed after 1 or 2 weeks of treatment (G). The data are expressed as the mean±SEM. N = 3, * p≤0.05 vs. control.</p

The effect of BMP-2 on GAG synthesis in HSFs.

<p>GAG synthesis was visualized by toluidine blue staining of HSFs in culture. GAG was observed after treatment with BMP-2 for one week but not in control cells. Original magnification: 40×.</p

BMP-2 expression in myopia and recovery from myopia of guinea pigs.

<p>Immunofluorescence analysis of BMP-2 expression in the retina, RPE, choroid and sclera of guinea pigs. The staining in the myopic sclera of the LIM group was weaker than that of the control eyes (A). Changes in the expression of BMP-2 in the sclera of guinea pigs detected by western blot analysis (C,D). The data are expressed as the mean±SEM, * p≤0.05 vs. the contralateral eye. <i>INL</i> inner nuclear layer, <i>ONL</i> outer nuclear layer, <i>RPE</i> retinal pigmental epithelium, <i>chl</i> choroid, <i>Sc</i> sclera layer.</p

The effect of BMP-2 on aggrecan expression in HSFs.

<p>Aggrecan mRNA level in HSFs was analyzed after 3 days, 1 week and 2 weeks (A). Immunocytochemistry shows an increase in aggrecan expression after 7 days (B). The data are expressed as the mean±SEM. N = 3, * p≤0.05 vs. Control.</p

The effect of BMP-2 on type II collagen expression in HSFs.

<p>Type II collagen synthesis in HSFs after 3 days (A), 1 week (B), 2 weeks (C) detected by western lot analysis (D). Lane 1- Untreated control, Lane 2–10 ng/ml BMP-2, Lane 3–50 ng/ml BMP-2, Lane 4–100 ng/ml BMP-2, Lane 5–10 ng/ml TGF-β1. The expression of type II collagen mRNA was analyzed using real-time PCR (E). Immunocytochemistry showed an increase in collagen II expression in HSFs after 7 days of treatment with BMP-2 and TGF-β1 in culture (F). The data are expressed as the mean±SEM. N = 3, * p≤0.05 vs. Control.</p

The effect of BMP-2 on chondrogenesis-related genes expression in HSFs.

<p>The mRNA level of SOX5 (A), SOX6 (B), SOX9 (C), RUNX2 (D), HAPLN (E), PTHR1 (F) was analyzed. HSFs were treated for 3 days, 1 week, and 2 weeks seperately. *: Denotes a significant difference relative to the control group, P< 0.05.</p

Association between maternal 25(OH)D level during pregnancy and neonatal cord blood 25(OH)D level distributed by maternal blood drew season.

<p>Association between maternal 25(OH)D level during pregnancy and neonatal cord blood 25(OH)D level distributed by maternal blood drew season.</p

VitD level and the prevalence of vitD deficiency in maternity and neonates (n = 1978).

<p>VitD level and the prevalence of vitD deficiency in maternity and neonates (n = 1978).</p

Maternal vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of adverse neonatal outcomes in the Chinese population: A prospective cohort study

<div><p>Background</p><p>Although vitamin D (vitD) deficiency is a common problem in pregnant women, in China, few studies have focused on the relationship between maternal vitD deficiency throughout the three trimesters and subsequent neonatal outcomes in China.</p><p>Methods</p><p>Between 2015 and 2016, maternal serum and neonate cord blood samples were collected from 1978 mother-neonate pairs from Liuzhou city.</p><p>Results</p><p>The mean concentrations of 25-hydroxy vitD (25(OH)D) were 16.17±6.27 and 15.23±5.43 ng/ml in the mother and neonate groups, respectively, and the prevalence values of vitD deficiency in the two groups were 78.18% and 83.27%, respectively. Logistic regression showed that maternal vitD deficiency independently increased the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) (adjust OR, aOR 1.08; <i>P</i> = 0.026). A relatively lower risk of vitD deficiency was observed in the third trimester than in the first and second trimester (aOR 0.80; <i>P</i> = 0.004). VitD-calcium cosupplementation during pregnancy improves the vitD deficiency in both the maternal and neonatal groups (aOR 0.56, 0.66; <i>P</i><0.001 and 0.021, respectively). Maternal vitD deficiency significantly increased the risk of neonatal low birth weight (LBW) (aOR 2.83; <i>P</i> = 0.005) and small-for-gestational-age (SGA) (aOR 1.17; <i>P</i> = 0.015). There was a positive correlation between maternal and neonatal vitD deficiency (<i>r</i> = 0.879, <i>P</i><0.001). VitD supplementation during pregnancy significantly reduced the risk of giving birth to LBW infants (OR = 0.47, 95%CI = 0.33–0.68, <i>P</i><0.001).</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Further research focusing on the consumption of vitD with calcium during pregnancy and the consequential clinical outcomes in Chinese pregnant women is warranted.</p></div