21,040 research outputs found
Improved solution of the lidar equation utilizing particle counter measurements
The extraction of particle backscattering from incoherent lidar measurements poses some problems. In the case of measurements of the stratospheric aerosol layer the solution of the lidar equation is based on two assumptions which are necessary to normalize the measured signal and to correct it with the two-way transmission of the laser pulse. Normalization and transmission are tackled by adding the information contained in aerosol particle counter measurements of the University of Wyoming to the ruby lidar measurements at Garmisch-Partenkirchen. Calculated backscattering from height levels above 25 km for the El Chichon period will be compared with lidar measurements and necessary corrections. The calculated backscatter-to-extinction ratios are compared to those, which were derived from a comparison of published extinction values to measured lidar backscattering at Garmisch. These ratios were used to calculate the Garmisch lidar returns. For the period 4 to 12 months after the El Chichon eruption a backscater-to-extinction ratio of 0.026 1/sr was applied with smaller values before and after that time
Mean first passage time for fission potentials having structure
A schematic model of over-damped motion is presented which permits one to
calculate the mean first passage time for nuclear fission. Its asymptotic value
may exceed considerably the lifetime suggested by Kramers rate formula, which
applies only to very special, favorable potentials and temperatures. The
additional time obtained in the more general case is seen to allow for a
considerable increment in the emission of light particles.Comment: 7 pages, LaTex, 7 postscript figures; Keywords: Decay rate, mean
first passage tim
Optimal cloning of single photon polarization by coherent feedback of beam splitter losses
Light fields can be amplified by measuring the field amplitude reflected at a
beam splitter of reflectivity R and adding a coherent amplitude proportional to
the measurement result to the transmitted field. By applying the quantum
optical realization of this amplification scheme to single photon inputs, it is
possible to clone the polarization states of photons. We show that optimal
cloning of single photon polarization is possible when the gain factor of the
amplification is equal to the inverse squareroot of 1-R.Comment: 10 pages, including 1 figure, extended from letter to full paper, to
be published in New Journal of Physic
Statistical fluctuations for the fission process on its decent from saddle to scission
We reconsider the importance of statistical fluctuations for fission dynamics
beyond the saddle in the light of recent evaluations of transport coefficients
for average motion. The size of these fluctuations are estimated by means of
the Kramers-Ingold solution for the inverted oscillator, which allows for an
inclusion of quantum effects.Comment: 12 pages, Latex, 5 Postscript figures; submitted to PRC e-mail:
[email protected] www home page:
http://www.physik.tu-muenchen.de/tumphy/e/T36/hofmann.htm
Linear growth of the trace anomaly in Yang-Mills thermodynamics
In the lattice work by Miller [1,2] and in the work by Zwanziger [3] a linear
growth of the trace anomaly for high temperatures was found in pure SU(2) and
SU(3) Yang-Mills theories. These results show the remarkable property that the
corresponding systems are strong interacting even at high temperatures. We show
that within an analytical approach to Yang-Mills thermodynamics this linear
rise is obtained and is directly connected to the presence of a
temperature-dependent ground state, which describes (part of) the
nonperturbative nature of the Yang-Mills system. Our predictions are in
approximate agreement with [1,2,3]Comment: 9 pages and 2 figure
Nonperturbative screening of the Landau pole
Based on the trace anomaly for the energy-momentum tensor, an effective
theory for the thermodynamics of the deconfining phase, and by assuming the
asymptotic behavior to be determined by one-loop perturbation theory we compute
the nonperturbative beta function for the fundamental coupling in SU(2) and
SU(3) Yang-Mills theory. With increasing temperature we observe a very rapid
approach to the perturbative running. The Landau pole is nonperturbatively
screened.Comment: 11 pages, 3 figure
Calculation of the Regularized Vacuum Energy in Cavity Field Theories
A novel technique based on Schwinger's proper time method is applied to the
Casimir problem of the M.I.T. bag model. Calculations of the regularized vacuum
energies of massless scalar and Dirac spinor fields confined to a static and
spherical cavity are presented in a consistent manner. While our results agree
partly with previous calculations based on asymptotic methods, the main
advantage of our technique is that the numerical errors are under control.
Interpreting the bag constant as a vacuum expectation value, we investigate
potential cancellations of boundary divergences between the canonical energy
and its bag constant counterpart in the fermionic case. It is found that such
cancellations do not occur.Comment: 14 pages, 4 figures, accepted for publication in Eur.Phys.J.
Formation of small-scale structure in SUSY CDM
The lightest supersymmetric particle, most likely the lightest neutralino, is
one of the most prominent particle candidates for cold dark matter (CDM). We
show that the primordial spectrum of density fluctuations in neutralino CDM has
a sharp cut-off, induced by two different damping mechanisms. During the
kinetic decoupling of neutralinos, non-equilibrium processes constitute
viscosity effects, which damp or even absorb density perturbations in CDM.
After the last scattering of neutralinos, free streaming induces neutralino
flows from overdense to underdense regions of space. Both damping mechanisms
together define a minimal mass scale for perturbations in neutralino CDM,
before the inhomogeneities enter the nonlinear epoch of structure formation. We
find that the very first gravitationally bound neutralino clouds ought to have
masses above 10^{-6} solar masses, which is six orders of magnitude above the
mass of possible axion miniclusters.Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures, to appear in proceedings of "IDM 2002, 4th
International Workshop on the Identification of Dark Matter
A stratospheric aerosol model with perturbations induced by the space shuttle particulate effluents
A one dimensional steady state stratospheric aerosol model is developed that considers the subsequent perturbations caused by including the expected space shuttle particulate effluents. Two approaches to the basic modeling effort were made: in one, enough simplifying assumptions were introduced so that a more or less exact solution to the descriptive equations could be obtained; in the other approach very few simplifications were made and a computer technique was used to solve the equations. The most complex form of the model contains the effects of sedimentation, diffusion, particle growth and coagulation. Results of the perturbation calculations show that there will probably be an immeasurably small increase in the stratospheric aerosol concentration for particles larger than about 0.15 micrometer radius
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