Anion Exchange of Li⁺@C₆₀ Salt for Improved Solubility

<div><p>Anion exchange of [Li⁺@C₆₀]PF₆⁻ salt was performed to obtain three highly soluble Li⁺@C₆₀ salts, namely, the trifluoromethanesulfonate (OTf⁻), bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (NTf₂⁻), and tetrakis{3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl}borate (TFPB⁻). We investigated the solubility of [Li⁺@C₆₀]OTf⁻, [Li⁺@C₆₀]NTf₂⁻, and [Li⁺@C₆₀]TFPB⁻ and found that, compared with [Li⁺@C₆₀]PF₆⁻, the NTf₂ and TFPB salts had substantially higher solubility. X-ray crystal structure analysis of the TFPB salt revealed that the Li⁺@C₆₀ units spaced further apart because of the large anions in the crystal packing. We attribute the improved solubility of the salts to primarily the increased inter-fullerene distance of the Li⁺@C₆₀ cations. </p> </div

Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Li⁺@Fluoreno[60]fullerene: Effect of Encapsulated Lithium Ion on Electrochemistry of Spiroannelated Fullerene

The reaction of [Li⁺@C₆₀]­TFSI^– (TFSI = bis­(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)­imide) with 9-diazofluorene directly produced a [6,6]-adduct of lithium-ion-containing fluoreno[60]­fullerene, [6,6]-[Li⁺@C₆₀(fluoreno)]­TFSI^–, which was crystallographically characterized. Cyclic voltammetry of the compound showed a reversible one-electron reduction wave at −0.51 V (vs Fc/Fc⁺) and an irreversible reduction wave for the second electron. The latter was attributed to opening of the three-membered ring due to strong stabilization of the resulting sp³-carbanion by the encapsulated Li⁺ and formation of a 14π-electron aromatic fluorenyl anion

Efficient Diels–Alder Addition of Cyclopentadiene to Lithium Ion Encapsulated [60]Fullerene

Much higher reactivity of [Li⁺@C₆₀]PF₆^– for Diels–Alder cycloaddition toward cyclopentadiene (CpH), in comparison with that of empty C₆₀, was observed. The synthetic method, electrochemical and light absorption properties, and X-ray crystal structure of the product [Li⁺@C₆₀(CpH)]PF₆^– are discussed

Crystallographic information file of [Li+@C60](TFSI−)∙CH2Cl2 at 150 K from Structure of [60]fullerene with mobile lithium cation inside

Crystallographic information file of [Li+@C60](TFSI−)∙CH2Cl2 at 150

Crystallographic information file of [Li+@C60−](NiOEP)∙CH2Cl2 at 400 K from Structure of [60]fullerene with mobile lithium cation inside

Crystallographic information file of [Li+@C60−](NiOEP)∙CH2Cl2 at 400

Crystallographic information file of [Li+@C60](TFPB−)∙C4H10O at 260 K from Structure of [60]fullerene with mobile lithium cation inside

Crystallographic information file of [Li+@C60](TFPB−)∙C4H10O at 260

Study design of Binary STAR study.

BackgroundThis randomized, parallel-group study aims to investigate the effects of the probiotic Bifidobacterium bifidum G9-1 (BBG9-1) on the symptoms of diarrhea or constipation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).MethodsThis study will examine 100 patients with T2DM who suffering from symptoms of diarrhea or constipation. Eligible patients will be randomly assigned 1:1 to two groups (group A, BBG9-1 group; group B, control group), after the baseline examination. Patients assigned to group A will receive probiotic BBG9-1 oral administration along with their current treatment for 12 weeks, and patients assigned to group B will continue the current treatment for 12 weeks without probiotic BBG9-1 oral administration. Subsequently, examinations similar to the baseline examinations will be performed. The primary endpoint will be a change in the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS) total score from baseline to week 12. Secondary endpoints will include the following: change and percent change in parameters such as GSRS subdomain scores, fecal properties/Bristol stool form scale, defecation frequency, biomarkers, gut microbiota, and macronutrients and factors that affect GSRS total score or constipation/diarrhea subdomain scores from baseline to week 12.DiscussionThe results of this study will clarify the utility of probiotic BBG9-1 in the treatment of diarrhea or constipation in patients with T2DM.Trial registrationjRCTs051220127.</div

SPIRIT 2013 checklist: Recommended items to address in a clinical trial protocol and related documents*.

SPIRIT 2013 checklist: Recommended items to address in a clinical trial protocol and related documents*.</p

Schedule of enrolment, interventions, and assessments.

*, Must be performed prior to initiation of the Bifidobacterium bifidum G9-1. ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate transaminase; BBG9-1, Bifidobacterium bifidum G9-1; GSRS, Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale.</p