In-situ Washing by Sedimentation Method for Contaminated Sandy Soil

We propose a new method of in situ soil remediation called in situ washing by sedimentation (IWS), accomplished by injecting a high air-pressure into a mixture of saturated water-sandy soil at a certain depth (D) and hydraulically separating the soil particles based on their particle size and density. This physical segregation exploits the distribution of contaminant in the soil by physically separating a selected contaminant-rich fraction. For the in situ application, the physical segregation by sedimentation and on-site water wash treatment happen as an integrated process. The advantage of IWS that the washing and segregation processes take place simultaneously during the remediation process, quick, effective and cheap since there are no costs for excavation of contaminated soil from the site. The effect of soil-water ratio and diameter geometry of the column on the effectiveness of segregation by IWS was investigated. A series of laboratory test were conducted to optimize the soil water ratio for the best segregation process. Soil-water ratio 1:2 (v/v) was found to be optimum for particle segregation produced by IWS . The suitability of IWS for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) remediation, such as Napthalene, Phenantrene and Pyrene, were examined by batch sedimentation column experiment. The laboratory experiment was effective to produce a distinct size segregation of the contaminated soil into the coarse and fine fractions, as well as the wash water, indicating that a significant reduction in Napthalene, Phenantrene and Pyrene level (90%) may be achieved. The experimental results show that the removal efficiencies depend on the initial concentration of PAH in the soil sample, the duration of washing and the addition of biosurfactant in the washing solution

Ethanol Purification Using Activated Natural Zeolite

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1,3-Di-4-pyridylpropane–4,4′-oxy­dibenzoic acid (1/1)

The hydro­thermal reaction of Cd(NO3)2·4H2O, 1,3-di-4-pyridylpropane (BPP) and 4,4′-oxydibenzoic acid (OBA) led to the formation of the title compound, C13H14N2·C14H10O5. The asymmetric unit consists of one mol­ecule of OBA and one of BPP. In the OBA mol­ecule, one COOH group is nearly planar with its attached benzene ring [dihedral angle = 0.9 (1)°], while the other COOH group is slightly twisted with a dihedral angle of 10.8 (3)°. The carboxyl groups form strong inter­molecular O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds with N atoms of the pyridine rings in BPP, linking the mol­ecules into zigzag chains

The effect of calcium ions in the adsorption and photocatalytic oxidation of humic acid

The effect of calcium ion concentration on the photocatalytic oxidation of humic acid (HA) solution at pH range 7.5-8.5 was investigated. The experiments were conducted using different concentrations of commercially available titanium dioxide (Aeroxide® TiO2 P25, Nippon Aerosil Co. Ltd.). Initially, a study conducted in the dark was done to determine the adsorption of HA onto the titanium dioxide (TiO2). After that, the effect of UV irradiation in humic acid and the photodegradation of HA in the presence of UV irradiation as a function of calcium ion concentration and titanium dioxide were investigated. Results indicated that pH 8.0 ± 0.5, there is insignificant adsorption of HA onto the surface of TiO2. But upon addition of calcium ions, adsorption of HA was facilitated. The experiment established the effect of calcium ions and catalyst concentration on the adsorption of HA onto TiO2. During photolysis, results showed that irradiation of the water sample with UV light (λ=360 nm) affected only the color of the solution. In the photocatalytic experiment, the degradation of HA is reported in terms of its absorbance at 254 nm and 436 nm, corresponding to the aromatic compound content and the color of the solution respectively. The results showed that adding calcium ions increased the rate of photocatalytic oxidation of humic acids at pH 8.0 ± 0.5. Copyright © 2009 The Society of Chemical Engineers, Japan

Ball-milling effect on Indonesian natural bentonite for manganese removal from acid mine drainage

The influences of mechanical milling on Indonesian Natural Bentonite (INB) characteristics and manganese (Mn) removal from acid mine drainage (AMD) were investigated. The INB characteristics were observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen adsorption-desorption for specific surface area (SSA) and microporosity measurement, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and particle size distribution (PSD) analyzer. Four minutes milling with frequency 20 Hz on INB caused morphological change which showed more crumbled and destructed particle, lost the (001) peak but still retained the (100) peak that indicated delamination of montmorillonite mineral without breaking the tetrahedral-octahedral-tetrahedral (T-O-T) structure, rose the CEC from 28.49 meq/100g to 35.51 meq/100g, increase in the SSA from 60.63 m2/g to 104.88 m2/g, significant increase in microporosity which described in the t plots and decrease in the mean particle size distribution peak from 49.28 μm to 38.84 μm. The effect of contact time and effect of adsorbent dosage on Mn sorption was studied. Both unmilled and milled samples reached equilibrium at 24 hours and the pH rose from 4 to 7 in first 30 minutes. The Mn removal percentage increased significantly after milling. Using Langmuir isotherm, the maximum adsorbed metals (qmax) also increased from 0.570 to 4.219 mg/g