Plasma HMGB-1 Levels in Subjects with Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study in China

<div><p>Object</p><p>To detect the levels of plasma High-Mobility Group Box-1(HMGB1) in Chinese subject with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and to investigate the correlations between plasma HMGB1 concentration and parameters of body fat, insulin resistance (IR) metabolism and inflammation.</p><p>Methods</p><p>This study recruited 79 normal glucose tolerance (NGT) subjects and 76 newly diagnosed T2DM patients. NGT and T2DM groups were divided into normal weight (NW) and obese (OB)subgroups respectively. Anthropometric parameters such as height, weight, waist circumference, hip circumference and blood pressure were measured. Plasma concentrations of HMGB1, IL-6, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2 hours post challenge plasma glucose (2hPG), serum lipid, glycated hemoglobin (HbA_1C) and fasting insulin (FINS) were examined. The homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) was performed to assess IR status.</p><p>Results</p><p>Plasma HMGB1 levels were higher in T2DM group than that in NGT group. The concentrations of serum HMGB1 were also higher in subjects with OB than those in subjects with NW both in NGT and T2DM groups. Plasma levels of HMGB1 were positively correlated with waist hip ratio (WHR), blood pressure, FPG, FINS, HOMA-IR, TG, IL-6 and negatively correlated with HOMA-βand high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-c) independent of age, gender and BMI. Plasma levels of HMGB1 were significantly correlated with diabetes in fully adjusted models.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>Plasma HMGB1 levels were increased in Chinese subjects with pure T2DM, which might be caused by IR. Serum HMGB1 participated in the pathological process of obesity and T2DM via its proinflammatory effect.</p></div

Copper-Catalyzed, C–C Coupling-Based One-Pot Tandem Reactions for the Synthesis of Benzofurans Using <i>o</i>‑Iodophenols, Acyl Chlorides, and Phosphorus Ylides

One-pot reactions involving acyl chlorides, phosphorus ylides, and <i>o</i>-iodophenols with copper catalysis have been established for the rapid synthesis of functionalized benzofurans. With all of these easily available and stable reactants, the construction of the target products has been accomplished via tandem transformations involving a key C–C coupling, leading to the formation of one C­(sp²)–C bond, one C­(sp²)–O bond, and one CC bond

Partial correlations analysis of variables associated with circulating HMGB1 concentration in study population.

<p>BMI, body mass index; Wc, waist circumference; WHR, waist hip ratio; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; 2hPG, 2h postchallenge plasma glucose; HbA_1C, glycated hemoglobin; FINS, fasting serum insulin; HOMA-IR, Homeostasis Model Assessment for insulin resistance; HOMA-β, Homeostasis Model Assessment for beta-cell function; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; HDL-c, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LDL-c, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; IL-6, interleukin- 6.</p><p>Partial correlations analysis of variables associated with circulating HMGB1 concentration in study population.</p

Fractal dimension of the basic architectural form.

Fractal dimension of the basic architectural form.</p

Clinical and laboratory characteristics of the study subjects.

<p>Data are presented as means±SD. NGT, normal glucose tolerance; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; NW, normal weight; OB, obesity; BMI, body mass index; Wc, waist circumference; WHR, waist hip ratio; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; 2hPG, 2 hours postchallenge plasma glucose; HbA_1C, glycated hemoglobin; FINS, fasting serum insulin; HOMA-IR, Homeostasis Model Assessment for insulin resistance; HOMA-β, Homeostasis Model Assessment for beta-cell function; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; HDL-c, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LDL-c, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; IL-6, interleukin- 6.</p><p>^aP<0.05 compared with NGT-NW,</p><p>^bP<0.05 compared with T2DM-NW,</p><p>^cP<0.05 compared with NGT-OB,</p><p>^dP<0.01 compared with NGT-NW,</p><p>^eP<0.01 compared with T2DM-NW,</p><p>^fP<0.01 compared with NGT-OB.</p><p>Clinical and laboratory characteristics of the study subjects.</p

2D fractal gradient of the architectural form for the different directions in Zhengzhou City.

2D fractal gradient of the architectural form for the different directions in Zhengzhou City.</p

2D and 3D distributions of buildings in the study area.

2D and 3D distributions of buildings in the study area.</p

Geographical location of the study area.

Geographical location of the study area.</p

Basic form of 3D buildings.

(Fig 4A: Plane concentration—no difference in height; Fig 4B: Plane semi concentration—no difference in height; Fig 4C: Plane dispersion—no difference in height; Fig 4D: Plane semi concentration—difference in height; Fig 4E: Plane dispersion—difference in height).</p

3D fractal gradient of the architectural form for the different directions in Zhengzhou City.

3D fractal gradient of the architectural form for the different directions in Zhengzhou City.</p