Ketidaklaziman Kolokasi Pembelajar Bipa dan Implikasinya terhadap Pembelajaran Bahasa

Unacceptable Collocations by Learners of Indonesian as a ForeignLanguage and the Implication in Language Learning. Foreign language learners\u27ability to collocate words that are natural and acceptable in the target language isimportant in foreign language learning; however, it is notoriously difficult forforeign language learners and sometimes makes them frustrated. This studyattempts to describe the negative transfer of English collocations into Indonesiancollocations made by learners of Indonesian as a foreign language in their writingassignments. This study employed a qualitative descriptive method. The data werecollected from 36 writing assignments by 12 learners whose mother tongue isEnglish. They were trainee teachers with experience in teaching Indonesian inAustralia. The finding shows that there are 176 unnatural Indonesian collocations,some of which are negative transfers of learners\u27 mother tongue. This suggests thatdirect teaching of collocations should be given special emphasis in teachingIndonesian as a foreign language

Quantum Mechanical Methods for Thermal Hazard Risk Assessment in Early Phase Pharmaceutical Development

Quantum mechanical (QM) applications to predict heat of reaction (ΔHr) and thermal stability of strained aminocarbocylic salts, diazo compounds, and nitroalkanes for early phase thermal hazard risk assessment is presented. We provide examples on the use of explicit solvation to predict accurate ΔHr. Based on the QM calculations, the criticality class of a copper-catalyzed C–N coupling reaction is determined according to Stoessel’s reaction criticality class and the predictions are consistent with RC1 calorimetric experiment. We emphasize that to predict accurate ΔHr, it is important to consider the roles of reagents and solvents in QM calculations rather than simply considering the bond formation and bond breaking steps involved with reactants and products. Further, the use of predicted ΔHr for salt formation is applied to predict the thermal stability of bromoacetylene azetidine compounds to establish structure–stability relationship which would be useful to identify stable salt intermediates for safe reaction design. A strong correlation between ΔHr and the left limit of the DSC onset temperature (Tinit, °C) of the of exothermic peak is identified (Tinit = −2.85 ΔHr − 99.5). We propose that this model can be used as a prediction tool for novel azetidine salts to provide an estimate of thermal stability before synthesis. In this paper, for the first time we report molecular electrostatic potential (MESP) descriptor for the prediction of Tinit of diazo compounds. The deepest MESP minimum (Vmin) on the diazo group is considered as a probe to quantify the variation in structural effects. A strong correlation between Vmin and Tinit is found which would provide a new way of interpreting the thermal stability of novel diazo molecules just based on chemical structure. Further, the applicability of Vmin is verified on another set of compounds (nitroalkanes) and a good correlation is obtained. The structure–stability relationships that involves Vmin can be a useful QM descriptor for thermal stability prediction of a variety of molecules

Image_1_Detection of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii by metagenomic next-generation sequencing in central nervous system infection after neurosurgery: A case report.TIFF

BackgroundCentral nervous system (CNS) infection is one of the most serious complications after neurosurgery. Traditional clinical methods are difficult to diagnose the pathogen of intracranial infection. Due to recent advances in genomic approaches, especially sequencing technologies, metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) has been applied in many research and clinical settings.Case presentationHere, we report a case of CNS infection with Acinetobacter baumannii in a 15-year-old woman, who previously underwent surgery for recurrence of ependymoma in the fourth ventricle. On the eleventh postoperative day, the patient had a high fever and leukocytosis in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). mNGS using CSF rapidly and accurately identified the causative pathogen as A. baumannii with carbapenem resistance genes blaOXA-23 and blaOXA-51, which were confirmed by subsequent culture and susceptibility tests within 5 days. During the disease, mNGS, culture, and drug susceptibility testing were continued to monitor changes in pathogenic bacteria and adjust medication. At present, there are no case reports on to the use of mNGS for detecting pathogens in postoperative infection with ependymoma and guide medication.ConclusionmNGS has great advantages in pathogen identification and even pathogen resistance prediction. Multiple mNGS examinations during the course of the disease play an important role in the dynamic monitoring of pathogens.</p

Effect of Cation on Physical Properties and CO₂ Solubility for Phosphonium-Based Ionic Liquids with 2‑Cyanopyrrolide Anions

A series of tetraalkylphosphonium 2-cyanopyrrolide ([P_<i>nnnn</i>]­[2-CNPyr]) ionic liquids (ILs) were prepared to investigate the effect of cation size on physical properties and CO₂ solubility. Each IL was synthesized in our laboratory and characterized by NMR spectroscopy. Their physical properties, including density, viscosity, and ionic conductivity, were determined as a function of temperature and fit to empirical equations. The density gradually increased with decreasing cation size, while the viscosity decreased noticeably. In addition, the [P_<i>nnnn</i>]­[2-CNPyr] ILs with large cations exhibited relatively low degrees of ionicity based on analysis of the Walden plots. This implies the presence of extensive ion pairing or formation of aggregates resulting from van der Waals interactions between the long hydrocarbon substituents. The CO₂ solubility in each IL was measured at 22 °C using a volumetric method. While the anion is typically known to be predominantly responsible for the CO₂ capture reaction, the [P_<i>nnnn</i>]­[2-CNPyr] ILs with shorter alkyl chains on the cations exhibited slightly stronger CO₂ binding ability than the ILs with longer alkyl chains. We attribute this to the difference in entropy of reaction, as well as the variation in the relative degree of ionicity

Effect of Structure on Transport Properties (Viscosity, Ionic Conductivity, and Self-Diffusion Coefficient) of Aprotic Heterocyclic Anion (AHA) Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids. 1. Variation of Anionic Species

A series of room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) based on 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ([emim]⁺) with different aprotic heterocyclic anions (AHAs) were synthesized and characterized as potential electrolyte candidates for lithium ion batteries. The density and transport properties of these ILs were measured over the temperature range between 283.15 and 343.15 K at ambient pressure. The temperature dependence of the transport properties (viscosity, ionic conductivity, self-diffusion coefficient, and molar conductivity) is fit well by the Vogel–Fulcher–Tamman (VFT) equation. The best-fit VFT parameters, as well as linear fits to the density, are reported. The ionicity of these ILs was quantified by the ratio of the molar conductivity obtained from the ionic conductivity and molar concentration to that calculated from the self-diffusion coefficients using the Nernst–Einstein equation. The results of this study, which is based on ILs composed of both a planar cation and planar anions, show that many of the [emim]­[AHA] ILs exhibit very good conductivity for their viscosities and provide insight into the design of ILs with enhanced dynamics that may be suitable for electrolyte applications

Effect of Structure on Transport Properties (Viscosity, Ionic Conductivity, and Self-Diffusion Coefficient) of Aprotic Heterocyclic Anion (AHA) Room Temperature Ionic Liquids. 2. Variation of Alkyl Chain Length in the Phosphonium Cation

A series of room-temperature ionic liquids (ILs) composed of triethyl­(alkyl)­phosphonium cations paired with three different aprotic heterocyclic anions (AHAs) (alkyl = butyl ([P₂₂₂₄]⁺) and octyl ([P₂₂₂₈]⁺)) were prepared to investigate the effect of cationic alkyl chain length on transport properties. The transport properties and density of these ILs were measured from 283.15 to 343.15 K at ambient pressure. The dependence of the transport properties (viscosity, ionic conductivity, diffusivity, and molar conductivity) on temperature can be described by the Vogel–Fulcher–Tamman (VFT) equation. The ratio of the molar conductivity obtained from the molar concentration and ionic conductivity measurements to that calculated from self-diffusion coefficients (measured by pulsed gradient spin–echo nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy) using the Nernst–Einstein equation was used to quantify the ionicity of these ILs. The molar conductivity ratio decreases with increasing number of carbon atoms in the alkyl chain, indicating that the reduced Coulombic interactions resulting from lower density are more than balanced by the increased van der Waals interactions between the alkyl chains. The results of this study may provide insight into the design of ILs with enhanced dynamics that may be suitable as electrolytes in lithium ion batteries and other electrochemical applications

Data_Sheet_1_Plasma Homocysteine as a Potential Marker of Early Renal Function Decline in IgA Nephropathy.docx

Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is very common among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), and related to the risk of cardiovascular events and mortality in these patients. However, the prevalence of HHcy in primary causes of CKD and its role in kidney disease progression are not well-understood. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of HHcy in different CKD stages in 221 patients with IgA nephropathy (IgAN) and 194 patients with other primary glomerular diseases. We also evaluated the association of homocysteine (Hcy) [after adjusted for estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)] with CKD progression event, defined as ESKD or 50% decline in eGFR, in a cohort of 365 patients with IgAN. The prevalence of HHcy was 67.9% (150/221), 53.5% (76/142), 51.5% (17/33), and 42.1% (8/19) in patients with IgAN, membranous nephropathy, minimal change disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, respectively. The Hcy/eGFR ratio was significantly associated with pathologic features of IgAN, including the proportion of global glomerulosclerosis (r = 0.38, p 1.79. Our findings suggest that elevated Hcy/eGFR ratio may be an early marker of poor renal outcome in IgAN.</p

Phase Transitions, Decomposition Temperatures, Viscosities, and Densities of Phosphonium, Ammonium, and Imidazolium Ionic Liquids with Aprotic Heterocyclic Anions

Ionic liquids (ILs) with aprotic heterocyclic anions (AHAs) have been developed primarily for CO2 capture applications. However, they have also been considered for cofluid CO2/IL vapor compression refrigeration cycles and for various electrochemical applications. In all of these cases, reducing the viscosity of the IL is of primary importance. Therefore, the focus of this work is tuning the cation to produce AHA ILs with both low viscosities and low melting points. Toward this goal we have synthesized 40 AHA ILs paired with phosphonium, ammonium and imidazolium cations, as well as a number of ILs with the bis­(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)­imide anion to use for comparison. The azolide anions investigated were 2-cyanopyrrolide, 4-nitropyrazolide, various substituted imidazolides, 1,2,3-triazolide, and tetrazolide. Melting points, glass transition temperatures, and decomposition temperatures were measured for all ILs. Viscosities and densities were measured from 278.15 to 343.15 K and 283.15 to 353.15 K, respectively, for all ILs except those with high melting points or excessively high viscosities. Shortening the alkyl chains on tetra-alkylphosphonium and tetra-alkylammonium cations reduces viscosity, but eventually results in unacceptably higher melting points. For equivalent alkyl chain lengths and anions, ammoniums have higher melting points and lower decomposition temperatures than phosphoniums. The introduction of an ether chain on a phosphonium cation lowers viscosity but reduces thermal stability. Di- and trialkylimidazolium with sufficiently low melting points have relatively high viscosities

Data_Sheet_1_The Early Diagnosis of Scrub Typhus by Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing.docx

Introduction: Scrub typhus is a mite-borne infection widespread in Southeast Asia, with clinical symptoms such as fever, chills, skin rash, eschar at the bite site, and other signs of acute febrile illness. The Rickettsia pathogen (Orientia tsutsugamushi) is always difficult to be diagnosed at an early stage by traditional clinical diagnostic methods, especially for patients without typical eschar. This greatly increases the mortality of patients with scrub typhus. A new approach should be introduced to improve its clinical diagnosis.Methods: During May 2018 to March 2021, 13 samples from 10 patients with suspected scrub typhus were collected. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) and other diagnostic methods (including serology using Weil–Felix reaction and indirect immunofluorescence test (IIFT) for scrub typhus and respiratory tract profile IgM as well as culture for routine bacteria) were used to identify the pathogens in this study.Results: The results of mNGS were all positive, with mapped reads of O. tsutsugamushi ranging from 1 to 460. Eight patients (80%) were diagnosed as scrub typhus. The other two were diagnosed as suspected scrub typhus due to the limited number of reads of the pathogen (one and two, respectively). According to clinical evidences, nine of the 10 patients were finally diagnosed as scrub typhus, except for patient 9 (suspected scrub typhus by mNGS with one specific reads of the pathogen) diagnosed as acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. For the five scrub typhus patients without typical eschar, mNGS gave all positive results (4–460 specific reads). For other methods, only Weil–Felix reaction of one patient detected the pathogen. In addition, the respiratory tract profile (IgM) detected various pathogens, but all were confirmed to be false positive.Conclusions: mNGS performed better than conventional clinical methods to early diagnose scrub typhus. This approach can be routinely carried out for early and precise diagnosis in clinical infections, especially for those hard to be identified by traditional diagnostic methods.</p

Table_2_The Early Diagnosis of Scrub Typhus by Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing.xlsx

Introduction: Scrub typhus is a mite-borne infection widespread in Southeast Asia, with clinical symptoms such as fever, chills, skin rash, eschar at the bite site, and other signs of acute febrile illness. The Rickettsia pathogen (Orientia tsutsugamushi) is always difficult to be diagnosed at an early stage by traditional clinical diagnostic methods, especially for patients without typical eschar. This greatly increases the mortality of patients with scrub typhus. A new approach should be introduced to improve its clinical diagnosis.Methods: During May 2018 to March 2021, 13 samples from 10 patients with suspected scrub typhus were collected. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) and other diagnostic methods (including serology using Weil–Felix reaction and indirect immunofluorescence test (IIFT) for scrub typhus and respiratory tract profile IgM as well as culture for routine bacteria) were used to identify the pathogens in this study.Results: The results of mNGS were all positive, with mapped reads of O. tsutsugamushi ranging from 1 to 460. Eight patients (80%) were diagnosed as scrub typhus. The other two were diagnosed as suspected scrub typhus due to the limited number of reads of the pathogen (one and two, respectively). According to clinical evidences, nine of the 10 patients were finally diagnosed as scrub typhus, except for patient 9 (suspected scrub typhus by mNGS with one specific reads of the pathogen) diagnosed as acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. For the five scrub typhus patients without typical eschar, mNGS gave all positive results (4–460 specific reads). For other methods, only Weil–Felix reaction of one patient detected the pathogen. In addition, the respiratory tract profile (IgM) detected various pathogens, but all were confirmed to be false positive.Conclusions: mNGS performed better than conventional clinical methods to early diagnose scrub typhus. This approach can be routinely carried out for early and precise diagnosis in clinical infections, especially for those hard to be identified by traditional diagnostic methods.</p