Complementation of the <i>atvdac1</i> mutant rescued the phenotype of atvdac1 plants.

<p>(A) Seed development in the representative siliques from wild-type (WT), <i>atvdac1</i> mutant and complemented <i>atvdac1</i> plants. The arrows indicate undeveloped ovules and arrowheads indicate aborted seeds. Bars = 1 mm. (B) Statistics of the seed set of complemented plants by comparison with that of <i>atvdac1</i> mutant and WT plants. The statistical analysis was performed in siliques from 50-day-old plants after transplantion into the soil. Error bars represent SD, 40 siliques were examined for each genotype. Asterisks indicate a statistically significant difference between <i>atvdac1</i> and WT (Student's <i>t</i>-test), **P<0.01.</p

Ovule development in wild-type (WT) and <i>atvdac1</i> siliques revealed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM).

<p>(A–F) Female gametogenesis in WT siliques at stage FG1 (A), FG3 (B), FG4 (C), early FG5 (D), late FG5 (E), FG6 (F). (G–L) Abnormal ovules in <i>atvdac1</i> siliques at stage FG1 (G), FG3 (H), FG4 (I), FG5 (J, K), FG6 (L). Abbreviations: AN, antipodal nucleus (nuclei); CN, chalazal nucleus (nuclei); CcN, central cell nucleus; CPN, chalazal polar nucleus; DM, degenerated megaspores; DS, degenerated structure; EN, egg cell nucleus; FM, functional megaspore; MN, micropylar nucleus (nuclei); MPN, micropylar polar nucleus; N, nucleus; PN, polar nuclei; SN, synergid nuclei; V, vacuole. Bars = 20 µm.</p

<i>Arabidopsis</i> Voltage-Dependent Anion Channel 1 (AtVDAC1) Is Required for Female Development and Maintenance of Mitochondrial Functions Related to Energy-Transaction

<div><p>The voltage-dependent anion channels (VDACs), prominently localized in the outer mitochondrial membrane, play important roles in the metabolite exchange, energy metabolism and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis process in mammalian cells. However, relatively little is known about the functions of VDACs in plants. To further investigate the function of AtVDAC1 in <i>Arabidopsis</i>, we analyzed a T-DNA insertion line for the <i>AtVDAC1</i> gene. The knock-out mutant <i>atvdac1</i> showed reduced seed set due to a large number of undeveloped ovules in siliques. Genetic analyses indicated that the mutation of <i>AtVDAC1</i> affected female fertility and belonged to a sporophytic mutation. Abnormal ovules in the process of female gametogenesis were observed using a confocal laser scanning microscope. Interestingly, both mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨ) and ATP synthesis rate were obviously reduced in the mitochondria isolated from <i>atvdac1</i> plants.</p></div

Reciprocal crosses show that female fertility was affected.

<p>(A) Seed development in representative siliques of reciprocal crosses using pollen from <i>atvdac1</i> plants to pollinate wild-type (WT) pistils and using pollen from WT plants to pollinate <i>atvdac1</i> pistils. The arrows indicate undeveloped ovules. Bars = 1 mm. (B) Seed development in the representative <i>atvdac1</i>/+ selfed silique and in representative siliques from reciprocal crosses between WT and atvdac1/+. Bars = 1 mm.</p

Table_1_Moving Beyond Initiative: The Reconceptualization and Measurement of Unethical Pro-organizational Behavior.pdf

Despite the fact that unethical pro-organizational behavior (UPB) has become a theoretical topic in the academic field and the fruitful achievements have been explored in the past decade, organizational researches have largely assumed that UPB is an active and voluntary behavior from the perspective of organizational identity and social exchange. In this paper, the authors argue that previous researches have traditionally considered only a very narrow subset of UPB, focusing almost exclusively on extreme voluntary cases which are not reflective of typical UPB. Instead of being primarily voluntary, some typical UPB can be compulsory in nature. We suggest a different look at UPB by contrasting to the so-called “voluntary” activities via compulsory mechanisms in the workplace. Mostly, we are interested in exploring and validating a measurement tool for this behavior. Based on self-determination theory, we argue that such behaviors are a substantial deviation from the original meaning of UPB and thus should be recognized and studied separately. Using six samples, the authors demonstrate the construct validity, reliability, and acceptable psychometric properties of the compulsory UPB scales. Future directions in UPB research are discussed.</p

Analysis of seed development in siliques from wild type (WT), <i>atvdac1</i> and reciprocal crosses between WT and <i>atvdac1</i>, showing that female fertility is affected.

<p>The statistical analysis was performed in siliques from 50-day-old plants after transplantion into the soil.</p>a<p>40 siliques were examined.</p>b<p>20 siliques were examined.</p><p>Analysis of seed development in siliques from wild type (WT), <i>atvdac1</i> and reciprocal crosses between WT and <i>atvdac1</i>, showing that female fertility is affected.</p

The segregation ratio of progeny from <i>atvdac1</i>/+ selfed and reciprocal crosses between wild type (WT) and <i>atvdac1</i>/+.

<p>TE, transmission efficiency  =  (W1+W2)/WO ×100%; TE_F, female transmission efficiency. </p><p>TE_M, male transmission efficiency; NA, not applicable.</p>a<p>The ratio was calculated using seeds from ten <i>atvdac1</i>/+ plants.</p>b<p>The ratio was calculated using seeds from eight plants.</p><p>The segregation ratio of progeny from <i>atvdac1</i>/+ selfed and reciprocal crosses between wild type (WT) and <i>atvdac1</i>/+.</p

Molecular confirmation of isolated <i>atvdac1</i> mutant and its gene complementation.

<p>(A) Schematic diagram of the <i>AtVDAC1</i> gene structure and the T-DNA insertion sites in the <i>atvdac1</i> mutant. Closed boxes indicate exons, and arrowheads indicate the positions of primers used for genotyping. The start and stop codons are labeled. (B) Homozygous <i>atvdac1</i> plants were complemented with the transgene (<i>AtVDAC1 promoter:AtVDAC1</i> genomic DNA). Six independent transgenic lines, wild type (WT) and the <i>atvdac1</i> mutant were analyzed by genomic PCR amplification. (C) Expression of the <i>AtVDAC1</i> gene was analyzed by RT-PCR in the six independent complemented lines, WT and the <i>atvdac1</i> mutant. The <i>UBQ5</i> transcript was amplified as an internal control.</p

Expression pattern of AtVDAC1 in Arabidopsis, showing that GUS stains were observed in seedling (A), root tip (B), inflorescence (C), flower (D), rosette leaf (E), and silique (F) in transgenic plants carrying the <i>AtVDAC1 promoter:GUS</i> construction.

<p>Bars = 2 mm (A), 200 µm (B), 1 mm (C), 500 µm (D), 2 mm (E), and 1 mm (F).</p

The atvdac1 mutation caused shorter siliques and reduced seed set.

<p>(A) Representative siliques from wild-type (WT) and <i>atvdac1</i> mutant plants. (B) Seed development in the representative siliques from WT and <i>atvdac1</i> mutant plants. The arrows indicate undeveloped ovules and the arrowhead indicates the aborted seed. Bars = 1 mm.</p