A priori par normes mixtes pour les problèmes inverses Application à la localisation de sources en M/EEG

National audienceOn s'intéresse aux problèmes inverses sous déterminés, et plus particulièrement à la localisation de sources en magnéto et électro- encéphalographie (M/EEG). Dans ces problèmes, bien que l'on ait à disposition un modèle physique de la diffusion (ou du “mélange”) des sources, le caractère très sous-déterminé des problèmes rend l'inversion très difficile. La nécessité de trouver des a priori forts et pertinent physiquement sur les sources est une des parties difficiles de ce problème.Dans ces problèmes, la parcimonie classique mesurée par une norme l1 n'est pas suffisante, et donne des résultats non réalistes. On propose ici de prendre en compte une parcimonie structurée grâce à l'utilisation de normes mixtes, notamment d'une norme mixte sur trois niveaux. La méthode est utilisée sur des signaux MEG issus d'expériences de stimulation somesthésique. Lorsqu'ils sont stimulés, les différents doigts de la main activent des régions distinctes du cortex sensoriel primaire. L'utilisation d'une norme mixte à trois niveaux permet d'injecter cet a priori dans le problème inverse et ainsi de retrouver la bonne organisation corticale des zones actives. Nous montrons également que les méthodes classiquement utilisées dans le domaine échouent dans cette tâche

HRF estimation improves sensitivity of fMRI encoding and decoding models

Extracting activation patterns from functional Magnetic Resonance Images (fMRI) datasets remains challenging in rapid-event designs due to the inherent delay of blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal. The general linear model (GLM) allows to estimate the activation from a design matrix and a fixed hemodynamic response function (HRF). However, the HRF is known to vary substantially between subjects and brain regions. In this paper, we propose a model for jointly estimating the hemodynamic response function (HRF) and the activation patterns via a low-rank representation of task effects.This model is based on the linearity assumption behind the GLM and can be computed using standard gradient-based solvers. We use the activation patterns computed by our model as input data for encoding and decoding studies and report performance improvement in both settings.Comment: 3nd International Workshop on Pattern Recognition in NeuroImaging (2013

Improving M/EEG source localization with an inter-condition sparse prior

International audienceThe inverse problem with distributed dipoles models in M/EEG is strongly ill-posed requiring to set priors on the solution. Most common priors are based on a convenient $\ell_2$ norm. However such methods are known to smear the estimated distribution of cortical currents. In order to provide sparser solutions, other norms than $\ell_2$ have been proposed in the literature, but they often do not pass the test of real data. Here we propose to perform the inverse problem on multiple experimental conditions simultaneously and to constrain the corresponding active regions to be different, while preserving the robust $\ell_2$ prior over space and time. This approach is based on a mixed norm that sets a $\ell_1$ prior between conditions. The optimization is performed with an efficient iterative algorithm able to handle highly sampled distributed models. The method is evaluated on two synthetic datasets reproducing the organization of the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) and the primary visual cortex (V1), and validated with MEG somatosensory data

On the Consistency of Ordinal Regression Methods

Many of the ordinal regression models that have been proposed in the literature can be seen as methods that minimize a convex surrogate of the zero-one, absolute, or squared loss functions. A key property that allows to study the statistical implications of such approximations is that of Fisher consistency. Fisher consistency is a desirable property for surrogate loss functions and implies that in the population setting, i.e., if the probability distribution that generates the data were available, then optimization of the surrogate would yield the best possible model. In this paper we will characterize the Fisher consistency of a rich family of surrogate loss functions used in the context of ordinal regression, including support vector ordinal regression, ORBoosting and least absolute deviation. We will see that, for a family of surrogate loss functions that subsumes support vector ordinal regression and ORBoosting, consistency can be fully characterized by the derivative of a real-valued function at zero, as happens for convex margin-based surrogates in binary classification. We also derive excess risk bounds for a surrogate of the absolute error that generalize existing risk bounds for binary classification. Finally, our analysis suggests a novel surrogate of the squared error loss. We compare this novel surrogate with competing approaches on 9 different datasets. Our method shows to be highly competitive in practice, outperforming the least squares loss on 7 out of 9 datasets.Comment: Journal of Machine Learning Research 18 (2017

Efficient Smoothed Concomitant Lasso Estimation for High Dimensional Regression

In high dimensional settings, sparse structures are crucial for efficiency, both in term of memory, computation and performance. It is customary to consider $\ell_1$ penalty to enforce sparsity in such scenarios. Sparsity enforcing methods, the Lasso being a canonical example, are popular candidates to address high dimension. For efficiency, they rely on tuning a parameter trading data fitting versus sparsity. For the Lasso theory to hold this tuning parameter should be proportional to the noise level, yet the latter is often unknown in practice. A possible remedy is to jointly optimize over the regression parameter as well as over the noise level. This has been considered under several names in the literature: Scaled-Lasso, Square-root Lasso, Concomitant Lasso estimation for instance, and could be of interest for confidence sets or uncertainty quantification. In this work, after illustrating numerical difficulties for the Smoothed Concomitant Lasso formulation, we propose a modification we coined Smoothed Concomitant Lasso, aimed at increasing numerical stability. We propose an efficient and accurate solver leading to a computational cost no more expansive than the one for the Lasso. We leverage on standard ingredients behind the success of fast Lasso solvers: a coordinate descent algorithm, combined with safe screening rules to achieve speed efficiency, by eliminating early irrelevant features

Calibration of One-Class SVM for MV set estimation

A general approach for anomaly detection or novelty detection consists in estimating high density regions or Minimum Volume (MV) sets. The One-Class Support Vector Machine (OCSVM) is a state-of-the-art algorithm for estimating such regions from high dimensional data. Yet it suffers from practical limitations. When applied to a limited number of samples it can lead to poor performance even when picking the best hyperparameters. Moreover the solution of OCSVM is very sensitive to the selection of hyperparameters which makes it hard to optimize in an unsupervised setting. We present a new approach to estimate MV sets using the OCSVM with a different choice of the parameter controlling the proportion of outliers. The solution function of the OCSVM is learnt on a training set and the desired probability mass is obtained by adjusting the offset on a test set to prevent overfitting. Models learnt on different train/test splits are then aggregated to reduce the variance induced by such random splits. Our approach makes it possible to tune the hyperparameters automatically and obtain nested set estimates. Experimental results show that our approach outperforms the standard OCSVM formulation while suffering less from the curse of dimensionality than kernel density estimates. Results on actual data sets are also presented.Comment: IEEE DSAA' 2015, Oct 2015, Paris, Franc