Table_1_Host immune responses in aged rhesus macaques against BBV152, an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, and cross-neutralization with beta and delta variants.docx

The magnitude and duration of immune response to COVID-19 vaccination in older adults are known to be adversely affected due to immunosenescence and inflammaging. The threat of emerging variants warrants studies on immune response in older adults to primary vaccination and booster doses so as to understand the effectiveness of vaccines in countering the threat of emerging variants. Non-human primates (NHPs) are ideal translational models, as the immunological responses in NHPs are similar to those in humans, so it enables us to understand host immune responses to the vaccine. We initially studied humoral immune responses in aged rhesus macaques employing a three-dose regimen of BBV152, an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Initially, the study investigated whether the third dose enhances the neutralizing antibody (Nab) titer against the homologous virus strain (B.1) and variants of concern (Beta and Delta variants) in aged rhesus macaques immunized with BBV152, adjuvanted with Algel/Algel-IMDG (imidazoquinoline). Later, we also attempted to understand cellular immunity in terms of lymphoproliferation against γ-inactivated SARS-CoV-2 B.1 and delta in naïve and vaccinated rhesus macaques after a year of the third dose. Following the three-dose regimen with 6 µg of BBV152 with Algel-IMDG, animals had increased Nab responses across all SARS-CoV-2 variants studied, which suggested the importance of booster dose for the enhanced immune response against SARS-CoV-2-circulating variants. The study also revealed the pronounced cellular immunity against B.1 and delta variants of SARS-CoV-2 in the aged rhesus macaques even after a year of vaccination.</p

Participant results letter and referral slip.

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Decision flowchart to be used while returning results to participate of large scale serosurveys.

Decision flowchart to be used while returning results to participate of large scale serosurveys.</p

Overview of survey stage and activities involved in returning results to participants.

Overview of survey stage and activities involved in returning results to participants.</p

Key messages and frequently asked questions for communicating seronegative results to participants or parents / legal guardians receiving results.

(PDF)</p

Flowchart describing the enrolment of participants in the post-SIA serosurveys by district.

Flowchart describing the enrolment of participants in the post-SIA serosurveys by district.</p

Location of measles-rubella campaign receipt, by child’s age at the time of the campaign.

Location of measles-rubella campaign receipt, by child’s age at the time of the campaign.</p

Reasons for not receiving the campaign vaccine, children aged 9 months to less than 15 years, restricted to children aware of the campaign.

Reasons for not receiving the campaign vaccine, children aged 9 months to less than 15 years, restricted to children aware of the campaign.</p

Unweighted cluster-level measles-rubella campaign vaccination coverage by cluster setting.

Unweighted cluster-level measles-rubella campaign vaccination coverage by cluster setting.</p

Measles-rubella campaign vaccine coverage.

BackgroundIn alignment with the Measles and Rubella (MR) Strategic Elimination plan, India conducted a mass measles and rubella vaccination campaign across the country between 2017 and 2020 to provide a dose of MR containing vaccine to all children aged 9 months to 15 years. We estimated campaign vaccination coverage in five districts in India and assessed campaign awareness and factors associated with vaccination during the campaign to better understand reasons for not receiving the dose.Methods and findingsCommunity-based cross-sectional serosurveys were conducted in five districts of India among children aged 9 months to 15 years after the vaccination campaign. Campaign coverage was estimated based on home-based immunization record or caregiver recall. Campaign coverage was stratified by child- and household-level risk factors and descriptive analyses were performed to assess reasons for not receiving the campaign dose. Three thousand three hundred and fifty-seven children aged 9 months to 15 years at the time of the campaign were enrolled. Campaign coverage among children aged 9 months to 5 years documented or by recall ranged from 74.2% in Kanpur Nagar District to 90.4% in Dibrugarh District, Assam. Similar coverage was observed for older children. Caregiver awareness of the campaign varied from 88.3% in Hoshiarpur District, Punjab to 97.6% in Dibrugarh District, Assam, although 8% of children whose caregivers were aware of the campaign were not vaccinated during the campaign. Failure to receive the campaign dose was associated with urban settings, low maternal education, and lack of school attendance although the associations varied by district.ConclusionAwareness of the MR vaccination campaign was high; however, campaign coverage varied by district and did not reach the elimination target of 95% coverage in any of the districts studied. Areas with lower coverage among younger children must be prioritized by strengthening the routine immunization programme and implementing strategies to identify and reach under-vaccinated children.</div