Controlled versus Automatic Processes: Which Is Dominant to Safety? The Moderating Effect of Inhibitory Control

<div><p>This study explores the precursors of employees' safety behaviors based on a dual-process model, which suggests that human behaviors are determined by both controlled and automatic cognitive processes. Employees' responses to a self-reported survey on safety attitudes capture their controlled cognitive process, while the automatic association concerning safety measured by an Implicit Association Test (IAT) reflects employees' automatic cognitive processes about safety. In addition, this study investigates the moderating effects of inhibition on the relationship between self-reported safety attitude and safety behavior, and that between automatic associations towards safety and safety behavior. The results suggest significant main effects of self-reported safety attitude and automatic association on safety behaviors. Further, the interaction between self-reported safety attitude and inhibition and that between automatic association and inhibition each predict unique variances in safety behavior. Specifically, the safety behaviors of employees with lower level of inhibitory control are influenced more by automatic association, whereas those of employees with higher level of inhibitory control are guided more by self-reported safety attitudes. These results suggest that safety behavior is the joint outcome of both controlled and automatic cognitive processes, and the relative importance of these cognitive processes depends on employees' individual differences in inhibitory control. The implications of these findings for theoretical and practical issues are discussed at the end.</p></div

Means, standard deviation, and Zero-order correlations of all variables (n = 99).

<p><i>Note:</i>^*p<.05, ^**p<.01.</p

Hierarchical multiple regression predicting self-reported safety compliance (n = 99).

<p><i>Note</i>: ^*p<.05, ^**p<.01.</p

Moderating effects of inhibition on the influences of controlled and automatic cognitions on safety behaviors.

<p>Panel A shows the moderating effect of inhibition on the influence of safety compromise on safety compliance. Panel B shows the moderating effect of inhibition on the influence of automatic association on safety compliance. Panel C shows the moderating effect of inhibition on the influence of self-reported safety attitude on safety participation. Panel D shows the moderating effect of inhibition on the influence of automatic association on safety participation.</p

Hierarchical multiple regression predicting self-reported safety participation (n = 99).

<p><i>Note</i>: ^*p<.05, ^**p<.01.</p

MOESM7 of A robust vegetation index for remotely assessing chlorophyll content of dorsiventral leaves across several species in different seasons

Additional file 7: Figure S6. Contour maps for R2 between LCC and the MDATT index with the combination of Îť2 and Îť3 derived from the adaxial and abaxial leaf reflectance for each plant species (the dots and letters represent the same items as in Figure S1)

MOESM6 of A robust vegetation index for remotely assessing chlorophyll content of dorsiventral leaves across several species in different seasons

Additional file 6: Figure S5. Contour maps for R2 between LCC and the MDATT index with the combination of Îť2 and Îť3 derived from the adaxial and abaxial leaf reflectance for each plant species (the dots and letters represent the same items as in Figure S1)

Etudes sur le terrain et en laboratoire des causes de la mortalite ovine dans les hauts plateaux ethiopiens en 1986-1987

Reports the major specific causes of sheep mortality in the Debre Berhan area between July 1986 and June 1987. Includes data on seasonal crude death rates, causes of mortality, frequency and age at death

MOESM3 of A robust vegetation index for remotely assessing chlorophyll content of dorsiventral leaves across several species in different seasons

Additional file 3: Figure S2. Contour maps for R2 between LCC and the MDATT index with the combination of Îť2 and Îť3 derived from the adaxial leaf reflectance for each plant species (the dots and letters represent the same as items in Figure S1)

MOESM5 of A robust vegetation index for remotely assessing chlorophyll content of dorsiventral leaves across several species in different seasons

Additional file 5: Figure S4. Contour maps for R2 between LCC and the MDATT index with the combination of Îť2 and Îť3 derived from the abaxial leaf reflectance for each plant species (the dots and letters represent the same items as in Figure S1)