Keasar et al. Supplementary 3 from Can sociality facilitate learning of complex tasks? Lessons from bees and flowers

R code of the functio

Keasar et al. Supplementary 4 from Can sociality facilitate learning of complex tasks? Lessons from bees and flowers

bee and flower dat

R code of the model from Can sociality facilitate learning of complex tasks? Lessons from bees and flowers

This code calculate the optimal foraging effort of a bee colony on simple vs. complex flower

Dataset for statistical analysis from Can sociality facilitate learning of complex tasks? Lessons from bees and flowers

This dataset contains information on bee-flower interactions (published by Roswell et al., 2019), bee sociality and size, and flower symmetry and nectar tube length

Mother-daughter regression analysis of the Reproductive Concentration Index (RCI) for <i>Trichogramma brassicae</i> females.

<p> Values of the daughters are the averages of several offspring collected from each mother. The regression line and <i>p</i>-value are shown. The equation of the regression line is y = 0.6025x+0.1607. R² = 0.502.</p

Proportion of populations where sexual reproduction fixed as a function of the variance of random environmental fluctuations.

In this example, a SD of 8 resulted in the fixation of sex in more than 5% of the populations, corresponding to the case with no negative frequency-dependent selection resulting from the Red Queen Hypothesis and with no inter-generational autocorrelation in environmental fluctuations. In these simulations, ecological niche width was defined as 2ω = 8.</p

Average (±SE) Reproductive Concentration Index (RCI) quantified for 15 isofemale lines of <i>T</i>. <i>brassicae</i> females.

<p> Lines are ordered according to increasing average values of the trait studied. Sample sizes for the 15 lines, from left to right, are: 4, 4, 3, 2, 4, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 5, 3, 5, 3 and 3. The inter-line variation is statistically significant (ANOVA: <i>F</i>_14,33 = 2.08, <i>P</i> = 0.0417).</p

Representation of the design used to quantify genetic variation in the RCI in <i>Trichogramma brassicae</i>.

<p> The Reproductive Concentration Index (RCI) quantifies the relative degree to which females concentrate egg production into very early life. Females dissected up to 24 h after emerging from the host egg were used to compute the numerator of the RCI (<i>i.e.</i>, egg load). By the time these females were sampled, they had attained at most only 6.5% of their potential lifespan. The remaining females provided data to estimate the denominator (<i>i.e.</i>, lifetime realized fecundity, measured under conditions of available food and an excess of hosts). With this protocol, the genetic variation in RCI was estimated in two ways: (1) by computing/testing the regression between G1 and G2 (over two successive generations; <i>i.e.</i>, a ‘mother-daughter regression analysis’), and (2) by comparing the different families (only three of them are represented in this figure) at the G2 generation (a so-called ‘family analysis’).</p

Standard deviation (± SE) of random environmental fluctuations resulting in the fixation of sex in more than 50% of the populations.

Results are shown as a function of the negative frequency-dependent selection resulting from the Red Queen Hypothesis (inverse of parameter m) and inter-generational autocorrelation in environmental fluctuations. Closed dots: uncorrelated fluctuations, Open dots: auto-correlated fluctuations of 0.6.</p

Standard deviation (± SE) of random environmental fluctuations resulting in the fixation of sex in more than 50% of the populations.

Results are shown as a as a function of the intensity of the negative frequency-dependent selection resulting from the Red Queen Hypothesis (inverse of parameter m) and for different levels of the cost of sex. Open dots and solid lines: cost of sexual reproduction of 2.0; closed dots and solid lines: cost of sexual reproduction of 1.8; open dots and dashed lines: cost of sexual reproduction of 1.6; closed dots and dashed lines: cost of sexual reproduction of 1.2. The single point in the lower left part of the plot corresponds to no cost of sex and no negative frequency-dependent selection, allowing comparison with the previous prediction of [54] (see text).</p