Meliphagidae morphology

Museum-collected measures of Meliphagidae morphology. Contains measurements for 74 of 75 Australian species. Dataset does not included Eungella Honeyeater (Bolemoreus hindwoodi)

Field associations of male F₁ hybrids.

For 13 of our F1 hybrids hunters reported what species they were associated with when shot (binomial p = 0.011).</p

Counts of hybrids used to assess the brood parasitism hypothesis and to compute expected frequencies for Fig 1.

“F1 count” lists genetically identified F1s with known sires. “F1s and others” gives the hybrids used in the computation of expected frequencies. The additional hybrids in this column were identified morphologically but lacked full genetic data and will include a few backcrosses. Mareca americana x M. penelope hybrids were excluded from these analyses because most were target collected.</p

Log-log plot of winter versus summer phallus measurements for North American ducks relevant to this study (no <i>Oxyura</i> or <i>Dendrocygna</i>).

The line displayed is the 1:1 relationship, suggesting that seasonal size change is greater for species with larger phalluses. The regression equation for estimating winter means is y = 0.7836x + 0.3195; r2 = 0.70.</p

Summary of the relative importance of phallus and mass asymmetries being complementary or not, derived from the data in S2 Table in S1 File.

A) Data for all 59 F1 hybrids with large phallus asymmetries. B) Data for the same set of hybrids, but with the Mareca americana hybrids with Anas platyrhynchos and A. acuta removed because they failed to support the phallus asymmetry assumption.</p

Phallus asymmetries and sires for 80 F₁ hybrids ducks taken in North America organized by species differences in phallus length.

Mean phallus lengths are based on winter adults. For each hybrid combination the first listed species has the larger phallus. The upper section of this table lists hybrid combinations with large and reliable phallus asymmetries; the lower section lists small asymmetries that are unlikely to be predictive.</p

S1 File -

(DOCX)</p

A phylogeny, photographs of males, and breeding season abundance estimates of the study species, where lines between tip labels and photographs convey information about the 127 randomly collected hybrids in our sample (<i>M</i>. <i>penelope x M</i>. <i>americana</i> excluded).

Thick and either thin lines or no lines between tip labels and photographs convey information about the deviation of hybrid frequencies from expectation. Thick lines reprsent hybrids actually received. Thick blue lines represent crosses that occurred more frequently than expected (90% confidence interval) based on geograhic abundance overlaps of parentals; thick grey lines represent crosses received that were within expectations. Thin red lines represent parental combinations for which no hybrids were received, but that were expected to be more common than zero. All hybrid combinations without connecting lines were not received and fell within the 90% confidence intervals of expectations. Image credits from top to bottom: Northern Shoveler, Brad Imhoff, ML217395911; Cinnamon Teal, Ad Konings, ML294115331; Blue-winged Teal, Brad Imhoff. ML217395561; American Wigeon, Matt Davis, ML298674351; Gadwall, Daniel Pettersson, ML283493481; Mallard, Christoph Moning, ML63736171; Green-winged Teal, Ryan Schain, ML32495021; Northern Pintail, Liron Gertsman, ML71206681; Lesser Scaup, Brian Sullivan, ML27322491; Canvasback, Dorian Anderson, ML315207731; Redhead, Vasura Jayaweera, ML311477351; Ring-necked Duck, Dorian Anderson, ML226224471; Wood Duck, Brad Imhoff, ML218407651; Hooded Merganser, Ryan Schain, ML80085821; Bufflehead, Ryan Sanderson, ML318402911; Common Goldeneye, Dorian Anderson, ML301917401; Barrow’s Goldeneye, Carl Bergstrom, ML312894561.</p

Stacked histograms of phallus lengths for winter taken adult American and Eurasian wigeon and their hybrids.

Means are essentially identical.</p