Identities of lignin-derived phenolic S (syringyl-like) and G (guaiacyl-like) compounds identified with Py-GC/MS and relative molar area higher than 1% in wheat straw (out of total S+G molar area).

<p>^aInterpretation based on pure compounds. ^bInterpretation based on Ralph and Hatfield (1991), reverse search of compound in compost or WUS versus compound in wheat straw: 34S>99%, 42S>97%, 49S>99%. RS = reverse search</p

Mass balance of constituent monosaccharides during composting and mycelium growth for batch A and B (BM, PI, PII, PIII–16). BM = basic mixture, PI = compost after Phase I, PII = compost after Phase II, PIII–16 = compost after 16 days of mycelium growth; Rha = ramnosyl, Ara = arabinosyl, Xyl = xylosyl, Man = mannosyl, Gal = galactosyl, Glc = glucosyl, UA = uronyl.

<p>^aCalculation was performed based on 1000 kg of DM using values presented in Tables <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0138909#pone.0138909.t001" target="_blank">1</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0138909#pone.0138909.t004" target="_blank">4</a>.</p

Carbohydrate composition (mol%) and degree of substitution of xylan in different compost phases, based on dry matter.

<p>^aMolar compostition. Rha = ramnosyl, Ara = arabinosyl, Xyl = xylosyl, Man = mannosyl, Gal = galactosyl, Glc = glucosyl, UA = uronyl.</p><p>^bCarbohydrate analysis in duplicate, average of duplicates presented, STDEV within samples in range from 0.1 to 1.</p><p>^cNot corrected for mannitol.</p><p>^dRatio mol/100mol.</p><p>^eAverage and standard deviation (STDEV) batch A, B and C.</p><p>BM: basic mixture; PI: compost after Phase I; PII: compost after Phase II; PIII–16: compost after 16 days of mycelium growth.</p

Carbohydrate, ash, nitrogen, Klason lignin and dry matter content (based on dry matter) for compost after PI, PII and PIII–16. BM: basic mixture; PI: compost after Phase I; PII: compost after Phase II; PIII–16: compost after 16 days of mycelium growth; A, B, C different batches.

<p>^aEach sample was analyzed in duplicate (STDEV <1).</p><p>^bAverage of dupplicates of batches A, B and C (STDEV 1.3).</p><p>^cAverage of duplicates of batches A, B, C (STDEV 1).</p><p>^dAverage of dupplicates of batches A and B (STDEV 0.4).</p><p>^eAverage of duplicates of batches A and B.</p><p>^fAverage of duplicates for batch A (STDEV BM 0.4, PI 7, PII 1.3, PIII–16 1).</p><p>n.a. not analyzed; DM dry matter.</p><p>Carbohydrate, ash, nitrogen, Klason lignin and dry matter content (based on dry matter) for compost after PI, PII and PIII–16. BM: basic mixture; PI: compost after Phase I; PII: compost after Phase II; PIII–16: compost after 16 days of mycelium growth; A, B, C different batches.</p

Py-GC/MS pyrograms of wheat straw, basic compost mix (BM) and compost after 16 days of mycelium growth (PIII–16) (A) and water un-extractable solids (WUS) of Phase I and PIII–16 (B) for batch A.

<p>The identities and structures of main syringyl and guaiacyl (and p-hydroxyphenyl) compounds are listed in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0138909#pone.0138909.g002" target="_blank">Fig 2</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0138909#pone.0138909.s001" target="_blank">S1 Table</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0138909#pone.0138909.s002" target="_blank">S2 Table</a>. PI: compost after Phase I: PII: compost after Phase II.</p

High performance size exclusion profiles of wheat arabinoxylan (A), birchwood xylan (B), carboxymethyl cellulose (C) and galactomannan (D), after degradation with enzyme extracts obtained from compost of different stages of mushroom growth (24 h incubation).

<p>High performance size exclusion profiles of wheat arabinoxylan (A), birchwood xylan (B), carboxymethyl cellulose (C) and galactomannan (D), after degradation with enzyme extracts obtained from compost of different stages of mushroom growth (24 h incubation).</p

Schematic representation of sampling.

<p>Schematic representation of sampling.</p

Relative pyrogram area (%) and Py-GC/MS pyrogram based lignin for wheat straw and different compost phases for batch A.

<p>^aTotal of areas of all S- and G-units annotated in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0138909#pone.0138909.t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0138909#pone.0138909.s001" target="_blank">S1 Table</a>.</p><p>^bBased on 1000 kg dry matter BM; calculated based on wheat straw total lignin and pyrogram analysis.</p><p>^cLignin yield for wheat straw based on Klason lignin+acid soluble lignin. STDEV between duplicates.</p><p>±STDEV between triplicates.</p><p>BM: basic mixture; PI: compost after Phase I; PII: compost after Phase II; PIII–16: compost after 16 days of mycelium growth.</p

Mass balance of dry matter and organic matter and structural components (carbohydrates, nitrogen, lignin and ash) in the compost during composting and mycelium growth.

<p>^a Organic matter = Total dry matter–ash.</p><p>^b Recovery = Calculated as sum(carbohydrates+protein+total lignin +ash)/total dry matter*100.</p><p>^c Nitrogen to protein conversion factor 6.25.</p><p>^d Calculated as difference = total nitrogen-water insoluble nitrogen.</p><p>^e Corrected for ash.</p><p>n.s. not specified. +/- STDEV between analytical duplicates.</p><p>BM: basic mixture; PI: compost after Phase I; PII: compost after Phase II; PIII–16: compost after 16 days of mycelium growth for batch A.</p

First screening of extracellular enzyme activities from the compost in PIIend and PIII-16 analyzed by HPSEC after 24 h incubation.

<p>(- no degradation, + partial degradation, ++ complete degradation)</p><p>First screening of extracellular enzyme activities from the compost in PIIend and PIII-16 analyzed by HPSEC after 24 h incubation.</p