Sequenced fragments of the Hsp82 gene for Anopheles dirus mosquitoes

Sequenced fragments of the Hsp82 gene for Anopheles dirus mosquitoe

Sequenced fragments of the Est6 gene for Anopheles scanloni mosquitoes

Sequenced fragments of the Est6 gene for Anopheles scanloni mosquitoe

Sequenced fragments of the NinaE gene for Anopheles baimaii mosquitoes

Sequenced fragments of the NinaE gene for Anopheles baimaii mosquitoe

Jackknifed consensus trees demonstrate reproducible geographic clustering in <i>pvcsp</i> VK210 and VK247 isolates, but not <i>pvmsp-1</i>.

<p>The reproducibility of population clustering was assessed using 1000 jackknifed phylogenies. Individual populations clustered together or apart in each of the 1000 jackknifed phylogenies, and the frequency of a split between any two populations was quantified. Populations with grey bars (<50% splits) were genetically similar, while populations with red bars (>99.9% splits) were highly genetically distinct. Phylogenies were built from the <i>pvmsp-1</i> 42 kDa region (<b>A</b>), the <i>pvcsp</i> VK210 central repeat (<b>B</b>), and <i>pvcsp</i> VK247 central repeat (<b>C</b>).</p

Protein domains and immunologically-relevant regions of <i>pvmsp-1</i> 42 kDa region and <i>pvcsp</i>.

<p>For both genes, numbers indicate coordinates according to the Sal1 reference genes. Sequences for <i>pvmsp-1</i> (PVX_099980) and pvcsp (PVX_119355) were accessed August 14, 2012 from PlasmoDB.org. (<b>A</b>) The <i>pvmsp-1</i> 42 kDa region is composed of two primary subunits – a 33 kDa and a 19 kDa subunit. Other sub-regions, including the 20 kDa and 14 kDa HARBs have been previously defined and studied. Here, we define the region between the HARBs as the “intervening region.” (<b>B</b>) The <i>pvcsp</i> gene is composed of three regions – an N-terminal non-repeat region, a central repeat region, and a C-terminal non-repeat region. The central repeat region consists of two major nonapeptide repeat types, termed VK210 and VK247. Approximate locations of <i>pvcsp</i> regions I and II are noted with horizontal lines in the N- and C-terminal non-repeat regions, respectively.</p

S_nn statistics for the <i>pvmsp-1</i> 42 kDa region and the <i>pvcsp</i> central repeat region.

<p>S_nn values approaching 1 indicate genetic isolation while values near 0.5 indicate that two geographically disparate populations may approximate panmixia. Global and pairwise S_nn values show stronger geographic clustering among <i>pvcsp</i> VK210 and VK247 repeats than among <i>pvmsp-1</i> 42 kDa regions.</p><p>* indicates significance to (<i>p</i>≤0.05) after Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons.</p

Sequenced fragments of the Hsp82 gene for Anopheles scanloni mosquitoes

Sequenced fragments of the Hsp82 gene for Anopheles scanloni mosquitoe

Median-joining network of diverse <i>pvmsp-1</i> populations proposes multiple mutational paths between geographically diverse populations.

<p>286 <i>pvmsp-1</i> 42 kDa sequences from diverse geographical regions were used as input to create an unrooted median-joining network. This network is a visual representation of the mutational paths that may explain the observed sequence diversity. Each node represents an allele, node size represents the frequency of that allele (range n = 1 to n = 54), and node color corresponds to country of origin. Cycles within the diagram represent alternative evolutionary pathways. Corners represent obligate intermediate sequences that were not observed among the sampled alleles. Line length is not proportional to genetic distance.</p

Haplotype rarefaction curves for the Cambodian cohort.

<p>Calculated rarefaction curves are depicted by solid blue (<i>pvmsp-1</i>) and red (<i>pvcsp</i>) lines. Dotted lines represent rarefaction values extrapolated according to the methods of Cowell, et al. The 95% CIs of rarefaction estimates for <i>pvmsp-1</i> and <i>pvcsp</i> are demarked by light blue and light red shaded areas, respectively.</p

Sequenced fragments of the Est6 gene for Anopheles baimaii mosquitoes

Sequenced fragments of the Est6 gene for Anopheles baimaii mosquitoe