57 research outputs found

    Laying Bare: Agamben, Chandler, and The Responsibility to Protect

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    This paper demonstrates the hidden similarities between Raymond Chandlerā€™s prototypical noir The Big Sleep, and the United Nations Responsibility to Protect (R2P) document. By taking up the work of philosopher Giorgio Agamben, this paper shows that the bare life produces the form of protection embodied by Philip Marlowe in Chandlerā€™s novel and by the United Nations Security Council in R2P. Agambenā€™s theorizing of the extra-legal status of the sovereign pertains to both texts, in which the protector exists outside of the law. Philip Marlowe, tasked with preventing the distribution of pornographic images, commits breaking-and-entering, withholding evidence, and murder. Analogously, R2P advocates for the Security Councilā€™s ability to trespass laws that safeguard national sovereignty in order to prevent ā€œbareā€ atrocities against human life. As Agamben demonstrates, the extra-legal position of the protector is made possible by ā€œstripping bareā€ human life. This paper also gestures towards limitations of Agambenā€™s thought by indicating, through a comparison of these two texts, that bare life produces states of exception as the object of protection rather than punishment

    Micrographs of immunohistochemistry staining and the expression of PCK, Vim and Ī±-SMA of 0, 7<sup>th</sup> and 14<sup>th</sup> day.

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    <p>Representative immunohistochemistry staining images stained with PCK (Aā€“C), Vim (Dā€“F) and Ī±-SMA (Gā€“I) antibody of 0 day (A, D, G), 7<sup>th</sup> day (B, E, H), 14<sup>th</sup> day (C, F, I) (Ɨ400, barā€Š=ā€Š50 Āµm, target area: arrow). J) The values of integral optical density for PCK, Vim and Ī±-SMA of 0 7<sup>th</sup> and 14<sup>th</sup> day. #: <i>P</i><0.05, *: <i>P</i>>0.05. Vs. preceding group.</p

    The special devise for the operation.

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    <p>A mosquito hemostat with curved tips and full teeth, which were shielded by a segment of rubber single Nelaton Catheter. (Black arrowhead: the second ratchet of the hemostat).</p

    Representative macroscopical photos and adhesion scores.

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    <p>Aā€“F) Macroscopical photos of 0 day, 1<sup>st</sup>, 3<sup>rd</sup>, 5<sup>th</sup>, 7<sup>th</sup> and 14<sup>th</sup> day. G) Mean of adhesion scores by macroscopical evaluations in all groups. nā€Š=ā€Š8, #: <i>P</i><0.05, *: <i>P</i>>0.05. Vs. preceding group. (Surgical site: arrow; adhesion: arrowhead).</p

    SEM images of mesothelium covering the duodenum and adhesion tissues.

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    <p>A) Normal control from additional rats. Bā€“G) Micrographs showed the destruction and regeneration of the mesothelium on 0 day, 1<sup>st</sup>, 3<sup>rd</sup>, 5<sup>th</sup>, 7<sup>th</sup> and 14<sup>th</sup> day (Ɨ2000, barā€Š=ā€Š50 Āµm. Mesothelial cell: black arrow; RBC: black arrowhead; inflammatory cell: white arrow).</p

    PKP surgical procedure for the treatment of a 73-year-old female patient with single VCF in T11 vertebra.

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    <p>(A): A puncture needle entered into the anterior column of the wedge T11 vertebra via the left pedicle and a bone drill was placed in to drill a circular hole in the fractured vertebral body as a working channel. (B): After withdrawing the bone drill, an inflatable bone tamp was placed into the working channel and was slowly inflated, which induced the uplift of the vertebra height. (C): After PMMA cement injection, the puncture needle was withdrawn.</p

    PMCP surgical procedure for the treatment of a 68-year-old female patient with single VCF in T12 vertebra.

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    <p>(A): A puncture needle entered into the anterior column of the wedge T12 vertebra via the left pedicle and a bone drill was placed in to drill a circular hole in the fractured vertebral body as a working channel. (B): An expansion brace was placed into the working channel. The surrounding bone tissues were cut by expanding the spring leaves and rotating the bone expansion brace. (C): After withdrawing the expansion brace, a mesh container was placed into the cavity (indicated by the black arrow). (D): PMMA cement was injected into the mesh container and the mesh container was slowly inflated. (E): The mesh container was continued to be inflated by continuous PMMA injection. (F) PMMA cement leaked outside of the mesh container from the meshes. After PMMA cement injection, the puncture needle was withdrawn.</p

    Scales for histological (H&E) evaluations [13], [14], [15].

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    <p>Scales for histological (H&E) evaluations <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0049673#pone.0049673-Lalountas1" target="_blank">[13]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0049673#pone.0049673-Irkorucu1" target="_blank">[14]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0049673#pone.0049673-Durmus1" target="_blank">[15]</a>.</p

    Histological micrographs and scores of fibrosis, inflammation and neovascularization (H&E).

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    <p>A) Micrograph of 0 day (Ɨ50, lower left corner; Ɨ200, barā€Š=ā€Š100 Āµm); Bā€“F) Micrographs of 1<sup>st</sup>, 3<sup>rd</sup>, 5<sup>th</sup>, 7<sup>th</sup> and 14<sup>th</sup> day (Ɨ200, barā€Š=ā€Š100 Āµm. Surgical site: arrow; adhesion: arrowhead). G) Mean of fibrosis, inflammation and neovascularization scores by histological evaluations in all groups. #: <i>P</i><0.05, *: <i>P</i>>0.05. Vs. preceding group.</p
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