Analysis of variation of ion content in the roots of tall fescue as affected by cultivar, salt types and salt concentrations.

<p>Analysis of variation of ion content in the roots of tall fescue as affected by cultivar, salt types and salt concentrations.</p

Salt properties at different molar concentrations in deionized water.

<p>a) Electrical conductivity, b) pH, and c) osmotic potential.</p

Ion uptake in tall fescue as affected by different salts with data pooled for cultivars (Tar Heel II and Wolfpack) and salt concentrations.

a<p>Y (g kg⁻¹) as a response variable affected by salt concentration × (mM).</p><p>*, **, *** significant at 0.05, 0.01, and 0.001 probability levels, respectively.</p

Germination of grass species in soil affected by crude oil contamination

Many grass species exist in the oil exploration areas of North Dakota. The objective of this study was to evaluate seed germination of 65 grass species affected by crude oil. Germination of all species was reduced by crude oil, ranging from 4.3 to 100%. Twenty-eight species were tolerant, 29 moderately tolerant, 6 moderately sensitive, and 2 sensitive. Based on the tolerance levels, the following were used to further test the dose response to crude oil: strong creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra L. ssp. rubra), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), buffalograss [Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm.], little bluestem [Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash], witchgrass (Panicum capillare L.), sand dropseed [Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) Gray], Johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.], and smooth crabgrass [Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) Schreb. ex Muhl.]. The EC50 of germination and biomass was effective in ranking the 9 species. Buffalograss, sand dropseed, and orchardgrass were ranked as the most tolerant species with EC50 values of 0.1, > highest concentration tested, 0.05 m3 m−3 (P 50 values of 0.03 and 0.04 m3 m−3 (P P < 0.05).</p

Ion content in tall fescue as affected by different salts with data pooled for cultivars (Tar Heel II and Wolfpack) and salt concentrations.

a<p>means followed by same letter within a column are not different at 0.05 probability level.</p

Shoot and root biomass of tall fescue as affected by sodium chloride, sodium carbonate, sodium sulfate, and calcium chloride.

<p>Data were combined for two cultivars, Tar Heel II and Wolfpack. * and ** denote significance at 0.05 and 0.01 probability levels, respectively.</p

K and Na content in shoot tissues of tall fescue as affected by sodium chloride, sodium carbonate, sodium sulfate, and calcium chloride.

<p>Ion content was measured in weekly intervals over a period of five weeks. Data were combined for two cultivars, Tar Heel II and Wolfpack. * and ** denote significance at 0.05 and 0.01 probability levels, respectively.</p

Analysis of variation of ion uptake in the shoots of tall fescue as affected by cultivar, salt types and salt concentrations.

<p>Analysis of variation of ion uptake in the shoots of tall fescue as affected by cultivar, salt types and salt concentrations.</p

Scatter diagrams between the measured and estimated water metrics from the models with the optimal spectral index.

(A) canopy water content (CWC), (B) leaf water content (LWC) and (C) plant water content (PWC). The 1:1 line is marked with a dotted line.</p

Quantitative models of water metrics (y) to select spectral index (x) in winter wheat.

Quantitative models of water metrics (y) to select spectral index (x) in winter wheat.</p