Table_1_Analysis of the impact of land use on floating object in rivers at different spatial scales—the Chongqing section of the Three Gorges Reservoir area.docx

Floating object pollution in the Three Gorges Reservoir area (TGRA) is a serious environmental problem. It directly harms the safety of the reservoirs. Currently, relevant research has only focused on certain aspects, such as the salvage and treatment of floating objects, and little has been done on the underlying causes of floating object. The way humans use land will have a large influence on floating object in rivers, but the relationship between the two still needs to be further explored. We used remote sensing images to obtain the distribution of floating objects in the Chongqing section of the TGRA, and combined that with current land use data to study the relationship between land use and river floating objects. We found that: ① The number of floating object spots in the main stream of the Yangtze River gradually increased from the upper reaches (the main urban section of Chongqing) to the lower reaches (northeast section of Chongqing), while the opposite was true in the tributaries of the Yangtze River. ② Under different buffer scales, urban, rural residential, farmland, gardenland, grassland and other land use types were positively correlated with the number of floating debris spots in the river, and the correlation order was rural residential > farm land > urban> gardenland > grassland > forest. ③ When the buffer radius was 1.5 km, the land use comprehensive intensity index (LUI) had the highest interpretation degree to the number of floating debris spots, with a rate of 68.8%. In terms of land use types, rural settlements and cultivated land have a greater impact on river floaters, while woodland and grassland have a lesser impact on river floaters. We suggested that the construction of rural residential areas and cultivated land should be avoided as far as possible in the territorial space planning within 1.5 kilometers on both sides of the river, and ecological modification should be carried out by returning cultivated land to forest and grassland.</p

<i>phox2b-</i>deficient embryos show impaired differentiation of sympathetic neurons in the SCG.

<p>(A–F) Lateral/oblique views of 4-dpf embryos after whole-mount ISH for <i>th</i> (A–C) and <i>dbh</i> (D–F) in control and <i>phox2b</i>–deficient embryos. Arrows indicate the SCG. Knockdown of <i>phox2b</i> by injection of a splice MO (4 ng) (MO^splice) inhibits the expression of <i>th</i> and <i>dbh</i> (B, E) which is rescued by coexpression of human <i>PHOX2B</i> mRNA (10 ng/µl) (C, F). Relative intensity levels of <i>th</i> (G) and <i>dbh</i> (H) expression in embryos injected with <i>phox2b</i> MOs that inhibit translation (MO^ATG) or splicing (MO^splice). Mismatched control MO (MO^mm) and <i>PHOX2B</i> mRNA-rescue (MO^splice/<i>PHOX2B</i>) are also shown. Data are presented as means ± SD (^***P<0.001; ^**P<0.01; n = 15 for each group).</p

Deficiency of Phox2b protein due to either MO knockdown or overexpression of <i>PHOX2B</i> variants leads to increased <i>phox2b</i> and <i>ascl1</i> RNA expression in the SCG.

<p>(A–D) Dorsal views (cranial to the left) of 4-dpf embryos expressing a <i>phox2b</i> ATG MO (B,D) or mismatched control MO (A,C), showing expression of <i>phox2b</i> (A, B) and <i>ascl1</i> (C, D) as determined by whole-mount ISH. Insets depict an enlarged view of the area of the SCG. (E–I) Area of the SCG is shown in 4-dpf embryos (lateral view, cranial to the left) in which capped mRNA (100 ng/µl) for wild-type (WT) human <i>PHOX2B</i> (F) and the indicated variants (G–I) was injected and ISH performed for <i>ascl1</i>. CT, control, water injected. (J, K) Whole-mount ISH in control vs. <i>phox2b</i> MO-injected embryos double labeled with <i>phox2a (blue)</i> and <i>th</i> (red) riboprobes. Arrows point to the SCG.</p

<i>phox2b</i>, but not <i>ascl1</i>, is indispensable for sympathetic neuronal differentiation.

<p>(A–F) Whole-mount ISH of 3-dpf embryos for <i>th</i> and <i>dbh</i> following <i>ascl1</i> MO knockdown. Lateral views depict a minimal decrease in expression of <i>th</i> (A,B) and <i>dbh</i> (D,E) in <i>ascl1</i> MO-injected embryos compared to control MO-injected (A,D) embryos. Simultaneous knockdown of both <i>ascl1</i> and <i>phox2b</i> led to a significant decrease in expression of <i>th</i> and <i>dbh</i> in the SCG (C,F). (G) Relative intensity levels of <i>dbh</i>-staining in the SCG of embryos expressing <i>ascl1</i> MO, <i>phox2b</i> MO or the combination of the two. Data are presented as means ± SEM (^***P<0.001; n = 15 per group). (H–M) Whole-mount ISH for expression of <i>ascl</i> (H–J) and <i>phox2b</i> (K–M) in embryos in which <i>ascl1</i> expression was abrogated by MO knockdown, either singly (I, L) or in combination with <i>phox2b</i> (J, M). (N,O) Whole-mount ISH for <i>phox2a</i> expression in 4-dpf embryos in which <i>ascl1</i> expression was abrogated by MO knockdown. Arrows point to region of SCG.</p

Schematic representation of the effect of aberrant Phox2b on sympathetic neuronal development in the zebrafish model.

<p>Phox2b is the master regulator of a differentiation cascade involving <i>Hand2</i>, <i>Gata2/3</i> and <i>Tfap2a</i> that ultimately leads to terminal differentiation of neuron progenitors, marked by <i>dbh</i> and <i>th</i> expression. Phox2b regulates itself as well as <i>ascl1a</i> and can directly activate <i>dbh</i>. A decreased dosage of the <i>phox2b</i> gene, either by allelic deletion (Phox2b KD) or by dominant-negative mutations (<i>676delG</i> or <i>K155X</i>) can compromise normal Phox2b function so that the cells are unable to progress through the various developmental stages and instead remain in an undifferentiated state.</p

Financial vs. Non-financial Stocks: Time-varying Correlations and Risks

We analyze the time-varying co-movements of both financial and non-financial stock returns across countries to analyze the conditional correlation exhibited by cross-country pairs during the recent financial crisis. Using an asymmetric bivariate GARCH model, the analysis is conducted for a number of developed and developing countries. Given the origins of this current crisis, we expect increased correlation between financial sectors. However, recent correlations are not excessively large when compared to those earlier in this decade. Principal components analysis reveals one common driver of these pairwise correlations which may be related to U.S. returns and market liquidity

Impaired differentiation in the SCG due to <i>phox2b</i> deficiency is not rescued by retinoic acid.

<p>(A–F) Dorsal views of 3-dpf embryos injected with <i>phox2b</i> MO (D–F) or mismatched control MO (A–C) and treated with increasing concentrations of 13–<i>cis</i> retinoic acid (RA). (G) Relative intensity measurements of <i>th</i> expression in the SCG of embryos injected with various MOs and treated with different concentrations of RA. ATGK1, translation-blocking <i>phox2b</i> MO; P2BT2, splice blocking <i>phox2b</i> MO. (H–O) Whole-mount ISH of 3-dpf embryos in which the specified RNAs were overexpressed and analyzed for <i>th</i> expression following exposure to RA. Capped mRNA (100 ng/µl) for wild-type (WT) human <i>PHOX2B</i>, and the <i>R100L</i>, <i>676delG</i>, <i>K155X</i> mutations were injected into embryos at the one-cell stage. (P) Quantification of the relative intensity of <i>th</i> staining in the embryos depicted in H–O. Data are presented as means ± SD (^*P<0.05; n = 10 per group).</p

The neuroblastoma-associated <i>676delG</i> and <i>K155X PHOX2B</i> variants cause decreased terminal differentiation in the SCG.

<p>Whole-mount ISH for <i>th</i> (A–F) and <i>dbh</i> (G–L) expression in 3-dpf embryos in which human neuroblastoma-derived mutations were overexpressed (lateral views are shown). The area encompassing the SCG (boxed) is shown enlarged to the right of each panel. Capped mRNA (100 ng/µl) for wild-type (WT) human <i>PHOX2B</i> and the <i>R100L</i>, <i>676delG</i>, <i>K155X</i> mutations were injected into one-cell embryos. CT, control water-injected. Relative intensity levels of <i>th</i> (M) and <i>dbh</i> (N) expression in the embryos depicted in panels A–F and G–L respectively. Data are presented as means ± SD (*P<0.01 vs. control-injected embryos; n = 6 per group). Whole-mount ISH for <i>th</i> (O) and <i>dbh</i> (P) in 3-dpf embryos expressing the <i>phox2b</i> MO and <i>PHOX2B K155X</i> mutant mRNA (P2BMO+<i>K155X</i>). Arrow indicates the region of the SCG.</p

<i>phox2b</i> is expressed in the SCG, a marker of the peripheral sympathetic nervous system in the zebrafish.

<p>(A–D) Whole-mount <i>in situ</i> hybridization (ISH) for <i>phox2b</i> expression in wild-type embryos at the indicated time points. <i>phox2b</i> expression is seen in cells of the prospective superior cervical ganglion (SCG; white arrows, boxed) at 36 hpf (A), which start to extend caudally to form the sympathetic chain. These cells are identified as sympathetic neuronal cells by their expression of <i>dbh</i> and <i>th</i> (E, F). Expression is also seen in the brachial arches (black asterisk) and hindbrain (white asterisk). By 50 hpf, <i>phox2b</i> expression is seen in the enteric precursors (B–D, black arrow). Expression continues in two parallel rows caudally, encompassing the sympathetic chain until 4 dpf. (E) Lateral view (cranial to the left) of a 4-dpf zebrafish embryo analyzed by whole-mount ISH for <i>dbh</i> expression, which is seen in the SCG (black square), the arch associated complex (AAC) also derived from the neural crest, and the hindbrain (HB). Inset shows enlarged dorsal view of the SCG. (F) Whole-mount ISH of 4-dpf embryo analyzed for <i>th</i> expression. Aggregates of cells expressing <i>th</i> are seen in the SCG (arrow) as well as in the midbrain (MB), HB and retina (R).</p

Phox2b deficiency causes arrest of SCG cells at an undifferentiated stage.

<p>(A,B) Dorsal views of ISH with FITC-labeled <i>th</i> (red) and digoxigenin-labeled <i>phox2b</i> (blue) riboprobes on 4-dpf embryos in which <i>phox2b</i> expression was abrogated by MO knockdown. Arrows point to the SCG. Insets show enlarged views of the SCG. (C, D) Lateral views of ISH with FITC-labeled <i>phox2b</i> (red) and digoxigenin-labeled <i>dbh</i> (blue) riboprobes in MO-injected (D) and control (C) embryos. (E) Quantitative real time-PCR analysis comparing <i>phox2b</i> mRNA expression levels in control vs. <i>phox2b</i> MO-injected (P2BATG MO) embryos. Data are presented as means ± SD (^****P<0.0001, ^***P<0.001; n = 15 per group). (F,G) Whole-mount ISH for <i>elavl3</i> in the area of the SCG (arrow) in <i>phox2b</i> MO-injected (G) compared to control MO-injected embryos at 4-dpf (F). (H–K) Lateral views of the SCG in 4-dpf embryos overexpressing the indicated RNAs analyzed for <i>elavl3</i> expression by whole-mount ISH.</p