Relationship between total life-history trait plasticity and relative fitness of <i>Sitobion avenae</i> clones collected from barley (A), oat (B) and wheat (C) (the amount of plasticity evaluated by calculating the coefficient of variation for each trait in different environments; total life-history trait plasticity calculated from the first factor extracted from the principal component analysis of all life-history trait plasticities).

<p>Relationship between total life-history trait plasticity and relative fitness of <i>Sitobion avenae</i> clones collected from barley (A), oat (B) and wheat (C) (the amount of plasticity evaluated by calculating the coefficient of variation for each trait in different environments; total life-history trait plasticity calculated from the first factor extracted from the principal component analysis of all life-history trait plasticities).</p

Estimates of variance components for trait plasticities of <i>Sitobion avenae</i> clones showing main effects of collecting locations (location), plant origin (origin), test plant (test), clone nested in origin and interactions (significant effects highlighted in boldface).

<p>Estimates of variance components for trait plasticities of <i>Sitobion avenae</i> clones showing main effects of collecting locations (location), plant origin (origin), test plant (test), clone nested in origin and interactions (significant effects highlighted in boldface).</p

Selection differentials and gradients for life-history trait plasticities of <i>Sitobion avenae</i> clones collected from barley, oat and wheat in two areas.

<p>Note: DT1-DT4, the developmental time of 1^st to 4^th instar nymphs; DT5, the total developmental time of nymphs; *, <i>P</i><0.05; **, <i>P</i><0.01; ***, <i>P</i><0.001.</p><p>Selection differentials and gradients for life-history trait plasticities of <i>Sitobion avenae</i> clones collected from barley, oat and wheat in two areas.</p

Comparisons of G-matrices for life-history trait plasticities of barley, oat and wheat clones of <i>Sitobion avenae</i> in two areas.

<p>Note: The verdict of the Flury hierarchy is the model shown to be the best in explaining the difference between paired matrices; the <i>P</i>-values are for the test of equality of two matrices; full CPC, all principal components shared in common; CPC(4), four of the six possible components shared in common; unrelated, no relations between the matrices.</p><p>Comparisons of G-matrices for life-history trait plasticities of barley, oat and wheat clones of <i>Sitobion avenae</i> in two areas.</p

Comparisons of life-history traits for barley, oat and wheat clones of <i>Sitobion avenae</i> from two areas on original and alternative host plants, showing mean plasticity of tested clones (A-D for DT1-DT4, the developmental time of 1^st to 4^th instar nymphs; E for DT5, the total developmental time of nymphs; F for 7-d fecundity; data for a particular trait with different letters were significantly different at the <i>P</i><0.05 level, ANOVA followed by Tukey tests).

<p>Comparisons of life-history traits for barley, oat and wheat clones of <i>Sitobion avenae</i> from two areas on original and alternative host plants, showing mean plasticity of tested clones (A-D for DT1-DT4, the developmental time of 1^st to 4^th instar nymphs; E for DT5, the total developmental time of nymphs; F for 7-d fecundity; data for a particular trait with different letters were significantly different at the <i>P</i><0.05 level, ANOVA followed by Tukey tests).</p

Broad-sense heritabilities (SE) of life history trait plasticities for different <i>Sitobion avenae</i> clones from barley, oat and wheat on alternative host plants.

<p>Note: DT1-DT4, the developmental time of 1^st to 4^th instar nymphs; DT5, the total developmental time of nymphs; statistical significance of heritability for a trait within clones (i.e. barley, oat, wheat) evaluated using likelihood-ratio tests; *, <i>P</i><0.05; **, <i>P</i><0.01; ***, <i>P</i><0.001.</p><p>Broad-sense heritabilities (SE) of life history trait plasticities for different <i>Sitobion avenae</i> clones from barley, oat and wheat on alternative host plants.</p

Parasitism rates (SE) of <i>Aphidius gifuensis</i> on all developmental stages of <i>Sitobion avenae</i> clones from arid, semiarid and moist areas under three water treatments.

<p>Parasitism rates (SE) of <i>Aphidius gifuensis</i> on all developmental stages of <i>Sitobion avenae</i> clones from arid, semiarid and moist areas under three water treatments.</p

Sampling locations of <i>Sitobion avenae</i> and <i>Aphidius gifuensis</i> (moist area: Longting Town of Yangxian Co., 33°12'43"N, 107°38'30"E; Jinshui Town of Yangxian Co., 33°16'20" N, 107°47'45" E; semiarid area: Yanlian Co., 35°41’29” N, 109°16’13” E; Yaozhou Co., 34° 53’38” N, 108°58’18” E; arid area: Shanglang Town of Minqin Co., 38°35'48" N, 103°06'17" E; Xiaotian Town of Minqin Co., 38°36'40" N, 103°07'18" E; <i>A</i>. <i>gifuensis</i> larvae sampled in Yangling, 34°16’56” N, 108°04’28” E).

<p>Sampling locations of <i>Sitobion avenae</i> and <i>Aphidius gifuensis</i> (moist area: Longting Town of Yangxian Co., 33°12'43"N, 107°38'30"E; Jinshui Town of Yangxian Co., 33°16'20" N, 107°47'45" E; semiarid area: Yanlian Co., 35°41’29” N, 109°16’13” E; Yaozhou Co., 34° 53’38” N, 108°58’18” E; arid area: Shanglang Town of Minqin Co., 38°35'48" N, 103°06'17" E; Xiaotian Town of Minqin Co., 38°36'40" N, 103°07'18" E; <i>A</i>. <i>gifuensis</i> larvae sampled in Yangling, 34°16’56” N, 108°04’28” E).</p

Number of <i>Aphidius gifuensis</i> attacks in 30 min on apterous adults of <i>Sitobion avenae</i> clones from arid, semiarid and moist areas under three water treatments (n = 24; different letters on bars indicate significant differences among treatments at the <i>P</i> < 0.05 level, nested ANOVA followed by Tukey tests).

<p>Number of <i>Aphidius gifuensis</i> attacks in 30 min on apterous adults of <i>Sitobion avenae</i> clones from arid, semiarid and moist areas under three water treatments (n = 24; different letters on bars indicate significant differences among treatments at the <i>P</i> < 0.05 level, nested ANOVA followed by Tukey tests).</p

Comparison of body sizes of newly emerged adults of <i>Sitobion avenae</i> clones from arid, semiarid and moist areas under three water treatments (n = 18; different letters on bars indicate significant differences among treatments at the <i>P</i> < 0.05 level, nested ANOVA followed by Tukey tests).

<p>Comparison of body sizes of newly emerged adults of <i>Sitobion avenae</i> clones from arid, semiarid and moist areas under three water treatments (n = 18; different letters on bars indicate significant differences among treatments at the <i>P</i> < 0.05 level, nested ANOVA followed by Tukey tests).</p