Overexpression of CALR attenuate the cytotoxic effect of miR-206 on growth of breast cancer stem cells.

Human breast cancer stem cells were treated by miR-206 and/or Ad-CALR for 48 h, then the cells were harvested and analyzed. (A&B) CALR protein expression were determined by immunoblot analysis; (C) Human breast cancer stem cells were transfected with miR-206 and/or Ad-CALR for 72 h, the cell growth was determined by MTT assay; (D&E) Effect of CALR overexpression attenuate the apoptosis effect of miR-206 in breast cancer stem cells. Human breast cancer stem cells were treated by miR-206 and/or Ad-CALR for 48 h, the early and late apoptotic cells were measured by PI-Annexin V, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs. control group.</p

EVI-1 is involved in miR-206/CALR in human breast cancer stem cells.

(A&B) breast cancer stem cells were transfected with Ad-EVI-1 or si-EVI-1 for 48 h, the EVI-1 expression was determined by immunoblot analysis; (C&D) Human breast stem cell were treated with miR-206 mimics, miR-206 mimics+Ad-EVI-1 and Ad-EVI-1 for 48 h. EVI-1 and CALR expression were measured by Western blotting analysis; (E), the mRNA level of EVI-1 and CALR were measured by real-time quantitative PCR; (F), Schematic of MiR/206-EVI-1/CALR pathway in human breast cancer. All results are expressed as the mean ± S.D. from three independent experiments, *P .05, **P .01; #P.05, ##P.01 vs. control group.</p

Raw images for western blots.

(PDF)</p

Effect of miR-206 on CALR expression in breast cancer stem cells.

Human breast cancer stem cells were treated with various concentrations of miR-206 mimics (0, 30, 50, 70 nM) for 48 h. CALR protein expression (A&B) and mRNA expression (C) level were measured by Western blot and real-time quantitative PCR, respectively; Human breast cancer stem cells were treated with 50 nM miR-206 mimics for 0, 24, 48 and 72h. CALR protein expression (D&E) and mRNA expression level were determined by Western blot and real-time quantitative PCR, respectively. All results are expressed as the mean ± S.D. from three independent experiments. *P .05, **P .01 vs. control group.</p

Effect of miR-206 on CALR-mediated metastasis of human breast cancer stem cells.

Cells were treated with miR-206 mimics, miR-206 mimics+Ad-CALR and Ad-CALR for 48 h, respectively. (A) invasive breast cancer stem cells were counted; (B&D), CALR protein expression was measured by Western blotting analysis; C, CALR gene was measured by real-time quantitative PCR. All results are expressed as the mean ± S.D. from three independent experiments, *P .05, **P .01; #P.05, ##P.01 vs. control group.</p

Immune Cell Infiltration Types as Biomarkers for the Recurrence Diagnosis and Prognosis of Bladder Cancer

This study aimed to investigate the role of infiltrating immune cell types in diagnosing and predicting bladder cancer recurrence. This study mainly applied some algorithms, including Estimate the Proportion of Immune and Cancer Cells (EPIC), support vector machine-recursive feature elimination (SVM-RFE), random forest out-of-bag (RF-OOB) and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO)-Cox regression analysis. We found six immune infiltrating cell types significantly associated with recurrence prognosis and two independent clinical prognostic factors. Infiltrating immune cell types (IICTs) based on the prognostic immune risk score (pIRS) models may provide significant biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognostic prediction of bladder cancer recurrence.</p

Impacts of HSR on labor and capital.

The unprecedented expansion and development of high-speed rail (HSR) in China provides a unique opportunity and a new way of thinking for addressing the problem of urban-rural wealth disparities. In this paper, I examine the impact of the introduction of HSRs on the income disparity between urban and rural residents in China. Using panel data from 285 prefecture-level cities from 2004 to 2018, in this paper I employ the double-difference method to assess the impact of HSR on the income gap between urban and rural populations and the mechanism of its action; furthermore, I explore the influence of HSR on urban residents’ per capita disposable income and rural residents’ per capita net income, as well as the impact of HSR on the flow of elements such as labor and capital. My research findings reveal that the introduction of HSR has greatly widened the income gap between urban and rural residents; however, there is heterogeneity between different East, Central, and West regions, as well as between different levels of cities. A further mechanism study finds that HSR lowers farmers’ per capita net income, raises urban residents’ per capita disposable income, and widens the urban/rural income gap via mechanisms such as facilitating the interregional mobility of labor and capital factors. Therefore, it is necessary to comprehensively assess the economic effects brought about by HSR, strengthen the construction of urban-rural transport networks, and improve support for rural areas, so as to promote the coordinated development of inter-regional and urban-rural areas.</div

Regression results on the urban-rural income gap after controlling for various factors for the introduction of HSR.

Regression results on the urban-rural income gap after controlling for various factors for the introduction of HSR.</p

Regression results.

The unprecedented expansion and development of high-speed rail (HSR) in China provides a unique opportunity and a new way of thinking for addressing the problem of urban-rural wealth disparities. In this paper, I examine the impact of the introduction of HSRs on the income disparity between urban and rural residents in China. Using panel data from 285 prefecture-level cities from 2004 to 2018, in this paper I employ the double-difference method to assess the impact of HSR on the income gap between urban and rural populations and the mechanism of its action; furthermore, I explore the influence of HSR on urban residents’ per capita disposable income and rural residents’ per capita net income, as well as the impact of HSR on the flow of elements such as labor and capital. My research findings reveal that the introduction of HSR has greatly widened the income gap between urban and rural residents; however, there is heterogeneity between different East, Central, and West regions, as well as between different levels of cities. A further mechanism study finds that HSR lowers farmers’ per capita net income, raises urban residents’ per capita disposable income, and widens the urban/rural income gap via mechanisms such as facilitating the interregional mobility of labor and capital factors. Therefore, it is necessary to comprehensively assess the economic effects brought about by HSR, strengthen the construction of urban-rural transport networks, and improve support for rural areas, so as to promote the coordinated development of inter-regional and urban-rural areas.</div

Regression of subdivided samples by city level.

The unprecedented expansion and development of high-speed rail (HSR) in China provides a unique opportunity and a new way of thinking for addressing the problem of urban-rural wealth disparities. In this paper, I examine the impact of the introduction of HSRs on the income disparity between urban and rural residents in China. Using panel data from 285 prefecture-level cities from 2004 to 2018, in this paper I employ the double-difference method to assess the impact of HSR on the income gap between urban and rural populations and the mechanism of its action; furthermore, I explore the influence of HSR on urban residents’ per capita disposable income and rural residents’ per capita net income, as well as the impact of HSR on the flow of elements such as labor and capital. My research findings reveal that the introduction of HSR has greatly widened the income gap between urban and rural residents; however, there is heterogeneity between different East, Central, and West regions, as well as between different levels of cities. A further mechanism study finds that HSR lowers farmers’ per capita net income, raises urban residents’ per capita disposable income, and widens the urban/rural income gap via mechanisms such as facilitating the interregional mobility of labor and capital factors. Therefore, it is necessary to comprehensively assess the economic effects brought about by HSR, strengthen the construction of urban-rural transport networks, and improve support for rural areas, so as to promote the coordinated development of inter-regional and urban-rural areas.</div