Summary of nested ANOVA results of reproduction by <i>Pomacea canaliculata</i>.

<p>Summary of nested ANOVA results of reproduction by <i>Pomacea canaliculata</i>.</p

Summary of descriptive statistics of reproduction by <i>Pomacea canaliculata</i>.

<p>N indicates the number of egg masses.</p

Summary of descriptive statistics and independent sample <i>t</i>-test results for the growth of adult and juvenile <i>Pomacea canaliculata</i>.

<p>Summary of descriptive statistics and independent sample <i>t</i>-test results for the growth of adult and juvenile <i>Pomacea canaliculata</i>.</p

Diagram of the aquarium used in the experiment.

<p>Diagram of the aquarium used in the experiment.</p

Molecular Cloning, Characterization and Expression Analysis of the <i>SAMS</i> Gene during Adventitious Root Development in IBA-Induced Tetraploid Black Locust

<div><p>S-Adenosylmethionine synthetase (SAMS) catalyzes the synthesis of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), a precursor for ethylene and polyamine biosynthesis. Here, we report the isolation of the 1498 bp full-length cDNA sequence encoding tetraploid black locust (<i>Robinia pseudoacacia</i> L.) SAMS (<i>TrbSAMS</i>), which contains an open reading frame of 1179 bp encoding 392 amino acids. The amino acid sequence of TrbSAMS has more than 94% sequence identity to SAMSs from other plants, with a closer phylogenetic relationship to SAMSs from legumes than to SAMS from other plants. The TrbSAMS monomer consists of N-terminal, central, and C-terminal domains. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that the TrbSAMS protein localizes mainly to in the cell membrane and cytoplasm of onion epidermal cells and <i>Arabidopsis</i> mesophyll cell protoplasts. Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA)-treated cuttings showed higher levels of <i>TrbSAMS</i> transcript than untreated control cuttings during root primordium and adventitious root formation. <i>TrbSAMS</i> and its downstream genes showed differential expression in shoots, leaves, bark, and roots, with the highest expression observed in bark. IBA-treated cuttings also showed higher SAMS activity than control cuttings during root primordium and adventitious root formation. These results indicate that <i>TrbSAMS</i> might play an important role in the regulation of IBA-induced adventitious root development in tetraploid black locust cuttings.</p></div

Relative expression levels of <i>TrbSAMS</i> (A), <i>TrbSAMDC</i> (B), <i>TrbPAO</i> (C), and <i>TrbACS</i> (D) during different IBA-induced and untreated rooting phases in softwood cuttings of tetraploid black locust.

<p>Initiation phase (I). Callus induction phase (C). Root primordia formation phase (RP). Adventitious root formation and elongation phase (AR). Error bars represent the standard deviation (SD) calculated from three biological replicates with IBA, CK (n = 3). CK, control treatment; IBA, indole-3-butanoic acid.</p

Palladacycle from Cyclometalation of the Unsubstituted Cyclopentadienyl Ring in Ferrocene: Synthesis, Characterization, Theoretical Studies, and Application to Suzuki–Miyaura Reaction

The ferrocenylimines of general formula [(η⁵-C₅H₅)­Fe­(η⁵-C₅H₄)-CH₂NCH-C­(R)CH-C₆H₅] with R = H (<b>2a</b>) and CH₃ (<b>2b</b>) were conveniently prepared from ferrocenylmethylamine. Reaction of <b>2a</b>,<b>b</b> with lithium tetrachloropalladate in methanol in the presence of anhydrous sodium acetate resulted in the formation of the di-μ-chloro-bridged heteroannular cyclopalladated complexes <b>3a</b>,<b>b</b> via the unsubstituted ferrocenyl C–H bond activation of the related ligands. Treatment of <b>3a</b>,<b>b</b> with triphenylphosphine gave Pd­{[(η⁵-C₅H₄)­Fe­(η⁵-C₅H₄)­CH₂NCH-CHCH-C₆H₅]}­ClPPh₃ (<b>4a</b>) and Pd­{[(η⁵-C₅H₄)­Fe­(η⁵-C₅H₄)-CH₂NCH-C­(CH₃)CH-C₆H₅]}­ClPPh₃ (<b>4b</b>), respectively. The crystal structures of <b>4a</b>,<b>b</b> confirmed the formation of a carbon–palladium bond by using a carbon atom in the unsubstituted cyclopentadienyl ring. Additionally, theoretical studies using density functional theory calculations were carried out in order to account for the regioselectivity of cyclometalation. As for the catalysts, using 0.1% of palladacycles <b>4a</b>,<b>b</b> in the presence of K₃PO₄·7H₂O as base exhibited excellent yields in the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction of aryl bromides with phenylboronic acid

Phylogenetic tree of TrbSAMS and other plant SAMS proteins.

<p>GenBank accession number for nucleotides sequences: <i>Glycine max</i>, XP_003550837.1; <i>Cajanus cajan</i>, AEY85025.1; <i>Glycine soja,</i> ABY25855.1; <i>Ricinus communis</i>, XP_002512570.1; <i>Medicago truncatula</i>, XP_003609861.1; <i>Vitis vinifera</i>, XP_002266358.1; <i>Populus trichocarpa</i>, XP_002312296.1; <i>Cucumis sativus</i>, XP_004168041.1; <i>Theobroma cacao</i>, EOY06891.1; <i>Gossypium hirsutum</i>, ADN96174.1; <i>Prunus persica</i> AGF95108.1; <i>Lycoris radiata</i> AFC88125.1; <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>, NP_188365.1; <i>Oryza officinalis</i> CAJ45561.1; <i>Gladiolus grandiflorus</i>, ADM18304.1. Underlining indicates the amino acid sequence of TrbSAMS cloned in this study. The phylogenetic tree was constructed using the program MEGA 5.0. The numbers shown at internal nodes indicate the occurrence of these nodes in 1000 replicates, and the bar represents 20% sequence divergence.</p

Amino acid sequence alignment of TrbSAMS with SAMS sequences from other plant species.

<p>GenBank accession numbers for nucleotide sequences: <i>Glycine max</i>, XP_003550837.1; <i>Cajanus cajan</i>, AEY85025.1; <i>Glycine soja</i>, ABY25855.1; <i>Ricinus communis</i>, XP_002512570.1; <i>Medicago truncatula</i>, XP_003609861.1; <i>Vitis vinifera</i>, XP_002266358.1; <i>Populus trichocarpa</i>, XP_002312296.1; <i>Cucumis sativus</i>, XP_004168041.1; <i>Prunus persica</i>, AGF95108.1. The same and similar amino acid residues are highlighted in black and gray respectively; the underlined sequences indicate NADP-binding sites and substrate specificity domains. Three conserved motifs are indicated in red. Two SAM synthetase signature motifs are underlined.</p

SAMS activity (A), polymines contents (B), ACS activity (C), and ethylene production (D) during the different IBA-induced and untreated rooting phase in softwood cuttings of tetraploid black locust.

<p>Initiation phase (I), callus induction phase (C), root primordia formation phase (RP), adventitious root formation and elongation phase (AR). Error bars represent the standard deviation (SD) calculated from three biological replicates with IBA, CK (n = 3). CK, control treatment; IBA, indole-3-butanoic acid.</p