Automatic detection and indication of pallet-level tagging from rfid readings using machine learning algorithms

Identifying specific locations of items such as containers, warehouse pellets, and returnable packages in a large environment, for instance, in a warehouse, requires an extensive tracking system that could identify the location through data visualization. This is the similar case for radio-frequency identification (RFID) pallet level signal as the accuracy of determining the position for specific location either on the level or stacked in the same direction are read uniformly. However, there is no single study focusing on pallet-level classification, in particular on distance measurement of pallet height. Hence, a methodological approach that could provide the solution is essential to reduce the misplaced issues and thus reduce the problem in searching the products in a large-scale setting. The objective of this work attempts to define the pallet level of the stacked RFID tags through the machine learning techniques framework. The methodology started with the pallet-level which firstly determined by manual clustering according to the product code number of the tags that were manufactured for defining the actual level. An additional study of the radio frequency of the tagged pallet box in static condition was carried out by determining the feature of the time series. Various sample sizes of 1 Hz, 5 Hz and 10 Hz combined with the received signal strength of maximum, minimum, mode, median, mean, variance, maximum and minimum difference, kurtosis and skewness are evaluated. The statistical features of the received signal strength reading are analyzed by the selection of the univariate features, feature importance technique, and principal component analysis. The received signal strength of the maximum, median, and mean of all statistical features has been shown to be significant specifically for the 10Hz sample size. Different machine learning classifiers were tested based on the significant features, namely the Artificial Neural Network, Decision Tree, Random Forest, Naive Bayes Support Vector Machine, and k-Nearest Neighbors. It was shown that up to 95.02% of the trained Random Forest Model could be classified, indicating that the established framework is viable for pallet classification. Furthermore, the efficacy of different models based on heuristic hyperparameter tuning is evaluated in which the different kernel function for Support Vector Machine, various distance metrics of k-Nearest Neighbors. The ensemble learning technique, changes of activation function in Neural Network as well as the unsupervised learning (k-means clustering algorithm and Friis Transmission Equation) was also applied to classify the multiclass classification in pallet-level. In results, it was found that the Random Forest provided 92.44% of the test sets with the highest accuracy. In order to further validate the position of the tagging in the pallet box of the Random Forest model developed, a different predefined location was used to validate the model. The best position that could achieve a classification accuracy of 93.30% through the validation process for position five (5) in the systematic model that is the centre of the pallet box. In conclusion, it can be inferred from the analysis that the Random Forest model has better predictive performance compared to the rest of the pallet level partition model with a height of 12 cm used in this research. Based on the train, validation, and test sets in Random Forest, the RFID capability to determine the position of the pallet can be detected precisely

The identification of RFID signal using k-means for pallet-level tagging

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) applications are becoming increasingly popular in a myriad of areas, and therefore, an effective RFID technology-based location would offer a much-needed additional in tracking system. This research focuses on the identification of the location of passive RFID at the pallet-level, which uses the RFID signal strength to cluster the pallet level tagging through k-means. A comparison between the actual and the predicted level attained via the k-means clustering is evaluated through a multi-class performance metrics. It was demonstrated from the investigation that the k-means model is capable of achieving a classification accuracy of 69% and 67% for the train and test data, respectively

Investigation of features for classification RFID reading between two RFID reader in various support vector machine kernel function

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is the primary technology for tripartite logistics information and automation. The RFID-based logistics system able to increase logistic operating capacity and improve the efficiency of worker to minimize the logistic operation failure. However, the precise location of the RFID device is still a problem in a specific area due to the interference of the radiofrequency. An indoor positioning using RFID technology based on various kernel function of the support vector machine (SVM), and feature extraction are proposed to determine the location of the goods. SVM classifier is utilized the acquire received signal strength indicator (RSSI) data for trained the model from the indoor moving objects as well as relationship between RSSI and distance is constructed to boost RSSI accuracy. Instead, the distance verses RSSI algorithm is used to determine the objects to be located based on the distance of the tag to be located to each reader. The feature of RSSI is extracted to nine single statistical features and three combinations of different statistical features for evaluated the classification performance in different kernel functions of the SVM classifier. The Polynomial-SVM model is capable of delivering a classification accuracy of 84.81 and 20.00% of the error rate in test data by using the function MIN extracted. The experimental results show that the algorithm improves the positioning accuracy of indoor localization with select the suitable feature combination

Pallet-level classification using principal component analysis in ensemble learning model

In this paper, we present a machine learning pipeline to solve a multiclass classification of radio frequency identification (RFID) signal strength. The goal is to identify ten pallet levels using nine statistical features derived from RFID signals and four various ensemble learning classification models. The efficacy of the models was evaluated by considering features that were dimensionally reduced via Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and original features. It was shown that the PCA reduced features could provide a better classification accuracy of the pallet levels in comparison to the selection of all features via Extra Tree and Random Forest models

Rain classification for autonomous vehicle navigation using machine learning

Autonomous vehicles (AV) has gained popularity in research and development in many countries due to the advancement of sensor technology that is used in the AV system. Despite that, sensing and perceiving in harsh weather conditions has been an issue in this modern sensor technology as it needs the ability to adapt to human behaviour in various situations. This paper aims to classify clear and rainy weather using a physical-based simulator to imitate the real-world environment which consists of roads, vehicles, and buildings. The real-world environment was constructed in a physical-based simulator to publish the data logging and testing using the ROS network. Point cloud data generated from LiDAR with a different frame of different weather are to be coupled with three machine learning models namely Naïve Bayes (NB), Random Forest (RF), and k-Nearest Neighbour (kNN) as classifiers. The preliminary analysis demonstrated that with the proposed methodology, the RF machine learning model attained a test classification accuracy (CA) of 99.9% on the test dataset, followed by kNN with a test CA of 99.4% and NB at 92.4%. Therefore, the proposed strategy has the potential to classify clear and rainy weather that provides objective-based judgement

Forecasting daily travel mode choice of kuantan travellers by means of machine learning models

In transportation studies, forecasting users’ mode choice in daily commute is crucial in order to manage traffic problems due to high number of private vehicles on the road. Conventional statistical techniques have been widely used in order to study users’ mode choice; however, the choice of the most appropriate forecasting method still remains a significant concern. In this paper, we investigate the application of a number of machine learning models, namely Random Forest (RF), Tree, Naïve Bayes (NB), Logistic Regression (LR), k-Nearest Neighbour (k-NN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), as well as Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) in predicting the daily travel mode choice in Kuantan. The data was collected from a survey of Revealed/Stated Preferences (RPSP) Survey among Kuantan travellers in which eight features were taken into consideration in the present study. The classifiers were trained on the collected dataset by using five-folds cross-validation method to predict the daily mode choice. It was shown from this preliminary study that the RF, as well as ANN classifiers, could provide satisfactory classification accuracies to up to 70% in comparison to the other models evaluated. Therefore, it could be concluded that the evaluated features are rather important in deciding the travel model choice of Kuantan travellers

Evaluation Research on the Crane Failure Prediction based on Machine Learning

It is difficult to spot failures in port machinery and equipment, and maintaining such systems is even more complex. Maintenance such modifications in a reasonable time  is a tough challenge since each change might have an endless number of test cases run. It's critical to have a risk assessment of the impact of such maintenance fixes. In the software engineering community, there has been a considerable amount of study on failure prediction. Regrettably, there is little evidence of their application in day-to-day software development in port machinery and equipment. In this paper, we propose an unsupervised machine learning (k-means clustering) method for categorising cranes for maintenance and use a machine learning pipeline to solve the classification of crane failure data. The crane's maintenance decision data demonstrates the method's effectiveness. It was demonstrated that the Linear Support Vector Machine could give a superior classification accuracy of crane maintenance prediction with a 100 percent accuracy in train set and 94.5 percent accuracy in test set.</jats:p

Automatic identification and categorize zone of RFID reading in warehouse management system

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology has improved the operational efficiency and process flow in the distribution of warehouse management system (WMS) around the globe. Nonetheless, a moving or missing tag as well as known and unknown tag’s location that may occur in the detection could reduce the efficiency of process flow. This study aims at identifying the location of goods in between two RFID reading zones by means of machine learning, particularly Support Vector Machine (SVM). A total of seven statistical features are extracted from the received signal strength (RSS) value from the raw RFID readings. SVM classifier are evaluated by considering the combination of different statistical features namely COMBINE to produce a more effective classification in comparison to individual statistical feature. The performance of the classifier demonstrated a classification accuracy of approximately 94% by considering all features whereas the performance of the classifier by considering individual features alone is below than 90%. This preliminary study establishes the applicability of the proposed automatic identification is able to provide the management of goods as well as supply chain reasonably well without human intervention

Comparison of support vector machine and friis equation for identification of pallet-level tagging using RFID signal

Pallet-level tagging placement using the Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) system that clusters the support vector machine (SVM) and the Friis propagation equation is suggested. SVM and Friis are used to train RSSI for pallet-level tagging and the interaction between RSSI and distance is built to define RSSI accuracy. In this paper, the contrast with the Friis transmission equation and SVM by using RFID reading extracts to discern pallet-level tagging to estimate the pallet-level of the actual level has been shown. With compare the Friss model, a higher rating accuracy of 90,52 percent and 90,17 percent of the classification accuracy in train and test data has been demonstrated in the Linear-SVM model

Pallet-level Classification Using Principal Component Analysis in Ensemble Learning Model

In this paper, we present a machine learning pipeline to solve a multiclass classification of radio frequency identification (RFID) signal strength. The goal is to identify ten pallet levels using nine statistical features derived from RFID signals and four various ensemble learning classification models. The efficacy of the models was evaluated by considering features that were dimensionally reduced via Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and original features. It was shown that the PCA reduced features could provide a better classification accuracy of the pallet levels in comparison to the selection of all features via Extra Tree and Random Forest models.</jats:p