Influence of the Perspectives on the Movement of One-Leg Lifting in an Interactive-Visual Virtual Environment: A Pilot Study

<div><p>Background</p><p>Numerous studies have confirmed the feasibility of active video games for clinical rehabilitation. To maximize training effectiveness, a personal program is necessary; however, little evidence is available to guide individualized game design for rehabilitation. This study assessed the perspectives and kinematic and temporal parameters of a participant’s postural control in an interactive-visual virtual environment.</p><p>Methods</p><p>Twenty-four healthy participants performed one-leg standing by leg lifting when a posture frame appeared either in a first- or third-person perspective of a virtual environment. A foot force plate was used to detect the displacement of the center of pressure. A three-way mixed factor design was applied, where the perspective was the between-participant factor, and the leg-lifting times (0.7 and 2.7 seconds) and leg-lifting angles (30°and 90°) were the within-participant factors. The reaction time, accuracy of the movement, and ability to shift weight were the dependent variables.</p><p>Results</p><p>Regarding the reaction time and accuracy of the movement, there were no significant main effects of the perspective, leg-lifting time, or angle. For the ability to shift weight, however, both the perspective and time exerted significant main effects, F(1,22) = 6.429 and F(1,22) = 13.978, respectively.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Participants could shift their weight more effectively in the third-person perspective of the virtual environment. The results can serve as a reference for future designs of interactive-visual virtual environment as applied to rehabilitation.</p></div

Hypothesis.

Hypothesis.</p

Experimental virtual environment and the parameter description of measured values.

Tp: The time when the patients prepared for leg-lifting; Ts: The time when the patients actually started leg-lifting.</p

Distributions of the reaction time, the accuracy of the movement, and CoP X-Y displacement of leg-lifting for both groups in different leg-lifting angles and speed.

<p>ΔT₁: Reaction time; ΔT_2: Accuracy of the movement; Δd: CoP X-Y displacement of leg-lifting. Blue dot: 3PP group; red plot: 1PP group.</p

CoP X-Y displacement of leg-lifting (Δd) in different leg-lifting times for both groups.

Blue line: 3PP group; red line: 1PP group.</p

Three-way ANOVA cross table of reaction time (ΔT₁), the accuracy of the movement (ΔT₂), and CoP X-Y displacement of leg-lifting (Δd).

<p>Three-way ANOVA cross table of reaction time (ΔT₁), the accuracy of the movement (ΔT₂), and CoP X-Y displacement of leg-lifting (Δd).</p

Histological examinations of the brain in control and OM groups.

(a) Hematoxylin and eosin staining in brains 72 h after cardiac arrest. (b) Quantification of damaged neurons in each group. (*: P = 0.004).</p

Study design and protocol for inducing cardiac arrest, resuscitation, drug administration, and monitoring.

Study design and protocol for inducing cardiac arrest, resuscitation, drug administration, and monitoring.</p

Neurological outcome of control and OM groups at 6, 24, 48 and 72 h after cardiac arrest and resuscitation.

(*: P = 0.026).</p

Hemodynamic parameters of control and OM groups following cardiac arrest and resuscitation.

(a) Left ventricular ejection time. (b) Cardiac output. (c) Heart rate. (d) Left ventricular systolic function represented by dp/dt40. (n = 20 in each group, *: P<0.05 between two groups by mixed linear model analysis).</p