Demographic characteristics in the Graves’ disease (GD), Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT), autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD), and control groups in the biomarker study cohort.

Demographic characteristics in the Graves’ disease (GD), Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT), autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD), and control groups in the biomarker study cohort.</p

Experimental design of the study <i>p</i> < 0.05 indicates statistical significance.

GD, Graves’ disease; HT, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis; LC-MS/MS, liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry; KRT1, keratin 1; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.</p

Differential protein levels among the control, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT), and Grave’s disease (GD) groups using mass spectrometry.

Differential protein levels among the control, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT), and Grave’s disease (GD) groups using mass spectrometry.</p

Dataset.

BackgroundAutoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) can cause enormous health burdens; however, trustworthy biomarkers in identifying the onset and progression of AITD are limited. In this study, we attempted to discover new potential serum biomarkers to discriminate AITD using mass spectrometry (MS).MethodsIn the biomarker study cohort, 20 patients with Graves’ disease (GD), 20 patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT), and 20 healthy controls were enrolled for a liquid chromatographic-tandem MS assessment. A novel biomarker, keratin 1 (KRT1), was selected for further evaluation in the validation cohort, including 125 patients with GD, 34 patients with HT, and 77 controls. Relationships of serum KRT1 with AITD-related immunomodulatory cytokines were also analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs).ResultsIn the MS analysis, KRT1 was the single marker overexpressed in GD, while it was underexpressed in HT. In the ELISA analysis of the validation cohort, KRT1 was consistently upregulated in GD, while it was not downregulated in HT. There were significant associations of KRT1 levels with thyroid function in GD, AITD, and overall subjects. Additionally, a significant association of KRT1 levels with thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor antibody (TSHRAb) levels was observed. Moreover, there were significant associations of KRT1 with osteopontin (OPN) and B-cell activating factor (BAFF) levels in GD.ConclusionsSerum KRT1 levels were upregulated in GD and were associated with thyroid function and TSHRAb levels. Moreover, KRT1 was correlated with the BAFF and OPN levels in GD patients. Further molecular-based research to elucidate the role of KRT1 in the pathogenesis of AITD is needed.</div

Associations of serum keratin 1 (KRT1) with B-cell activating factor (BAFF), osteopontin (OPN), interferon (IFN)-α, and IFN-β levels in Graves’ disease.

Associations of serum keratin 1 (KRT1) with B-cell activating factor (BAFF), osteopontin (OPN), interferon (IFN)-α, and IFN-β levels in Graves’ disease.</p

Supplementary figure and table.

BackgroundAutoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) can cause enormous health burdens; however, trustworthy biomarkers in identifying the onset and progression of AITD are limited. In this study, we attempted to discover new potential serum biomarkers to discriminate AITD using mass spectrometry (MS).MethodsIn the biomarker study cohort, 20 patients with Graves’ disease (GD), 20 patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT), and 20 healthy controls were enrolled for a liquid chromatographic-tandem MS assessment. A novel biomarker, keratin 1 (KRT1), was selected for further evaluation in the validation cohort, including 125 patients with GD, 34 patients with HT, and 77 controls. Relationships of serum KRT1 with AITD-related immunomodulatory cytokines were also analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs).ResultsIn the MS analysis, KRT1 was the single marker overexpressed in GD, while it was underexpressed in HT. In the ELISA analysis of the validation cohort, KRT1 was consistently upregulated in GD, while it was not downregulated in HT. There were significant associations of KRT1 levels with thyroid function in GD, AITD, and overall subjects. Additionally, a significant association of KRT1 levels with thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor antibody (TSHRAb) levels was observed. Moreover, there were significant associations of KRT1 with osteopontin (OPN) and B-cell activating factor (BAFF) levels in GD.ConclusionsSerum KRT1 levels were upregulated in GD and were associated with thyroid function and TSHRAb levels. Moreover, KRT1 was correlated with the BAFF and OPN levels in GD patients. Further molecular-based research to elucidate the role of KRT1 in the pathogenesis of AITD is needed.</div

Individual protein name and function in Fig 2 (as analyzed by mass spectrometry).

Individual protein name and function in Fig 2 (as analyzed by mass spectrometry).</p

Demographic characteristics in Graves’ disease (GD), Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT), autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD), and control groups in the validation cohort.

Demographic characteristics in Graves’ disease (GD), Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT), autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD), and control groups in the validation cohort.</p

Associations of serum keratin1 (KRT1) with thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and free thyroxine (FT4) in all, autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD), Graves’ disease (GD), and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) subjects, and the association of KRT1 with the TSH receptor antibody (TSHRAb) in GD.

Associations of serum keratin1 (KRT1) with thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and free thyroxine (FT4) in all, autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD), Graves’ disease (GD), and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) subjects, and the association of KRT1 with the TSH receptor antibody (TSHRAb) in GD.</p

Serum keratin 1 (KRT1) protein measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method among Graves’ disease (GD), Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT), and control subjects.

Serum keratin 1 (KRT1) protein measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method among Graves’ disease (GD), Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT), and control subjects.</p