Evaluation of exploitation levels of barbatimão bark [stryphnodendron adstringens (mart.) Coville] in Distrito Federal, Brazil

Este estudo visou subsidiar o estabelecimento de diretrizes para a conservação e o manejo do barbatimão, cuja casca é usada na produção de medicamentos tradicionais, além de ser boa produtora de tanino. A coleta da casca exercida pela população é estimulada por indústrias farmacêuticas e, aos poucos, vem provocando esgotamento deste recurso. Para avaliar o dano extrativista, foram realizados sete caminhamentos, de 2 horas cada, em quatro unidades de conservação no Distrito Federal: um no Arboreto da UnB; dois na ''Matinha'' do Centro Olímpico da UnB, na APA do Paranoá; três na APA Gama e Cabeça de Veado; e um no Parque Ecológico Norte. Nesta ocasião, foram medidos os diâmetros (a 30 cm do solo), as alturas das plantas e os níveis de danos na casca provocados pelo extrativismo. Os danos foram classificados em oito níveis:0 = sem dano; 1 = > 10%; 2 = 11-25%; 3 = 2650%; 4 = 51-75%; 5 = 76-100% de casca removida; 6 = mortas; e 7 = rebrotas. A estrutura diamétrica foi ajustada por regressão, conforme o modelo ''J-invertido''. A freqüência nas classes diamétricas iniciais ficou abaixo do esperado, o que indica que poderá haver redução na densidade desta espécie na porção estudada do Distrito Federal. A avaliação qualitativa indicou que 41% dos indivíduos amostrados apresentaram sinais de extrativismo desordenado independentemente do porte da planta. Deste modo, torna-se importante estabelecer políticas voltadas para o desenvolvimento de técnicas de manejo sustentado e programas de domesticação, assim como a criação de um plano gestor para as unidades de conservação no Distrito Federal.This study provides guidelines for the conservation and management of barbatimão, whose bark is used in the production of a traditional medicine which is being commercialized by the pharmaceutical industry. Exploitation without replacement is causing the reduction of this resource. Thus, seven transects were set up in four conservation units at the Distrito Federal: one in the Arboretum – UnB, two in the Olympic Center Woods – UnB in the Paranoá APA, three in the ''Gama Cabeça de Veado'' APA and one in the Northern Ecological Park. The diameter and the heights of the plants were measured and the levels of bark damage caused by exploitation were registered. A two-hour walk was completed in each transect. Damage was classified in eight categories (0 = no damage, 1 = > 10 %, 2 = 11-25%, 3 = 26-50%, 4 = 51-75%, 5 = 76-100% of removed bark, 6 = dead trees and 7 = resprouts). The diameter structure was fitted to the reversed-J regression model. Frequency at the initial diameter classes was below the expected, indicating that there may be a reduction in the density of this species. Qualitative assessment indicated that two out of five individuals studied showed signs of exploitation regardless of size of the plant. Therefore, it is important to establish policies for a sustainable management plan for the conservation units in the Distrito Federal and also to develop methodologies for cultivation and sustainable management of this species

LIVER TRANSPLANTATION IN LIVER CIRRHOSIS DUE TO HEPATITIS C: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF ITS ADVANTAGES, CHALLENGES AND IMPACT ON PATIENTS' QUALITY OF LIFE.

Liver cirrhosis caused by hepatitis C is a serious condition that often leads to the need for liver transplantation for patients in advanced stages of the disease. This procedure has been a crucial measure to improve survival and quality of life for these patients. However, its effectiveness and impact are the subject of critical analysis due to the associated challenges, such as the scarcity of donor organs, the risks of postoperative complications and the possibility of recurrence of hepatitis C virus infection in the new liver. Understanding the advantages and challenges of liver transplantation in hepatitis C liver cirrhosis is essential to optimize patient outcomes and quality of life. Objective: To critically analyze the advantages, challenges and impact on the quality of life of patients undergoing liver transplantation due to liver cirrhosis caused by hepatitis C. Methodology: A systematic literature review was carried out following the PRISMA guidelines. The PubMed, Scielo and Web of Science databases were searched for articles published in the last 10 years. The descriptors used were "liver transplant", "liver cirrhosis", "hepatitis C", "advantages", "challenges" and "quality of life". The inclusion criteria were original studies that addressed the topic in humans, written in English, Portuguese or Spanish. Exclusion criteria were animal studies, literature reviews and studies focusing on liver conditions other than hepatitis C. Results: The results highlighted the effectiveness of liver transplantation in improving the survival and quality of life of patients with liver cirrhosis due to hepatitis C. However, challenges persist, including the limited availability of donor organs and the risk of relapse of hepatitis C virus infection. Strategies to mitigate these challenges have been discussed, such as the use of next-generation antiviral therapies. Conclusion: Liver transplantation is a vital intervention for patients with liver cirrhosis caused by hepatitis C, providing significant benefits in terms of survival and quality of life. However, the associated challenges need to be addressed to further improve outcomes and ensure the long-term success of this procedure.Liver cirrhosis caused by hepatitis C is a serious condition that often leads to the need for liver transplantation for patients in advanced stages of the disease. This procedure has been a crucial measure to improve survival and quality of life for these patients. However, its effectiveness and impact are the subject of critical analysis due to the associated challenges, such as the scarcity of donor organs, the risks of postoperative complications and the possibility of recurrence of hepatitis C virus infection in the new liver. Understanding the advantages and challenges of liver transplantation in hepatitis C liver cirrhosis is essential to optimize patient outcomes and quality of life. Objective: To critically analyze the advantages, challenges and impact on the quality of life of patients undergoing liver transplantation due to liver cirrhosis caused by hepatitis C. Methodology: A systematic literature review was carried out following the PRISMA guidelines. The PubMed, Scielo and Web of Science databases were searched for articles published in the last 10 years. The descriptors used were "liver transplant", "liver cirrhosis", "hepatitis C", "advantages", "challenges" and "quality of life". The inclusion criteria were original studies that addressed the topic in humans, written in English, Portuguese or Spanish. Exclusion criteria were animal studies, literature reviews and studies focusing on liver conditions other than hepatitis C. Results: The results highlighted the effectiveness of liver transplantation in improving the survival and quality of life of patients with liver cirrhosis due to hepatitis C. However, challenges persist, including the limited availability of donor organs and the risk of relapse of hepatitis C virus infection. Strategies to mitigate these challenges have been discussed, such as the use of next-generation antiviral therapies. Conclusion: Liver transplantation is a vital intervention for patients with liver cirrhosis caused by hepatitis C, providing significant benefits in terms of survival and quality of life. However, the associated challenges need to be addressed to further improve outcomes and ensure the long-term success of this procedure