DataSheet_1_Contrasting distribution of enzyme activities in the rhizosphere of European beech and Norway spruce.docx

Recent policies and silvicultural management call for forest regeneration that involve the selection of tree species able to cope with low soil nutrient availability in forest ecosystems. Understanding the impact of different tree species on the rhizosphere processes (e.g., enzyme activities) involved in nutrient mobilisation is critical in selecting suitable species to adapt forests to environmental change. Here, we visualised and investigated the rhizosphere distribution of enzyme activities (cellobiohydrolase, leucine-aminopeptidase, and acid phosphomonoesterase) using zymography. We related the distribution of enzyme activities to the seedling root morphological traits of European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and Norway spruce (Picea abies), the two most cultivated temperate tree species that employ contrasting strategies in soil nutrient acquisition. We found that spruce showed a higher morphological heterogeneity along the roots than beech, resulting in a more robust relationship between rhizoplane-associated enzyme activities and the longitudinal distance from the root apex. The rhizoplane enzyme activities decreased in spruce and increased in beech with the distance from the root apex over a power-law equation. Spruce revealed broader rhizosphere extents of all three enzymes, but only acid phosphomonoesterase activity was higher compared with beech. This latter result was determined by a larger root system found in beech compared with spruce that enhanced cellobiohydrolase and leucine-aminopeptidase activities. The root hair zone and hair lengths were significant variables determining the distribution of enzyme activities in the rhizosphere. Our findings indicate that spruce has a more substantial influence on rhizosphere enzyme production and diffusion than beech, enabling spruce to better mobilise nutrients from organic sources in heterogeneous forest soils.</p

Image_1_Contrasting distribution of enzyme activities in the rhizosphere of European beech and Norway spruce.tif

Recent policies and silvicultural management call for forest regeneration that involve the selection of tree species able to cope with low soil nutrient availability in forest ecosystems. Understanding the impact of different tree species on the rhizosphere processes (e.g., enzyme activities) involved in nutrient mobilisation is critical in selecting suitable species to adapt forests to environmental change. Here, we visualised and investigated the rhizosphere distribution of enzyme activities (cellobiohydrolase, leucine-aminopeptidase, and acid phosphomonoesterase) using zymography. We related the distribution of enzyme activities to the seedling root morphological traits of European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and Norway spruce (Picea abies), the two most cultivated temperate tree species that employ contrasting strategies in soil nutrient acquisition. We found that spruce showed a higher morphological heterogeneity along the roots than beech, resulting in a more robust relationship between rhizoplane-associated enzyme activities and the longitudinal distance from the root apex. The rhizoplane enzyme activities decreased in spruce and increased in beech with the distance from the root apex over a power-law equation. Spruce revealed broader rhizosphere extents of all three enzymes, but only acid phosphomonoesterase activity was higher compared with beech. This latter result was determined by a larger root system found in beech compared with spruce that enhanced cellobiohydrolase and leucine-aminopeptidase activities. The root hair zone and hair lengths were significant variables determining the distribution of enzyme activities in the rhizosphere. Our findings indicate that spruce has a more substantial influence on rhizosphere enzyme production and diffusion than beech, enabling spruce to better mobilise nutrients from organic sources in heterogeneous forest soils.</p

Image_2_Contrasting distribution of enzyme activities in the rhizosphere of European beech and Norway spruce.tif

Recent policies and silvicultural management call for forest regeneration that involve the selection of tree species able to cope with low soil nutrient availability in forest ecosystems. Understanding the impact of different tree species on the rhizosphere processes (e.g., enzyme activities) involved in nutrient mobilisation is critical in selecting suitable species to adapt forests to environmental change. Here, we visualised and investigated the rhizosphere distribution of enzyme activities (cellobiohydrolase, leucine-aminopeptidase, and acid phosphomonoesterase) using zymography. We related the distribution of enzyme activities to the seedling root morphological traits of European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and Norway spruce (Picea abies), the two most cultivated temperate tree species that employ contrasting strategies in soil nutrient acquisition. We found that spruce showed a higher morphological heterogeneity along the roots than beech, resulting in a more robust relationship between rhizoplane-associated enzyme activities and the longitudinal distance from the root apex. The rhizoplane enzyme activities decreased in spruce and increased in beech with the distance from the root apex over a power-law equation. Spruce revealed broader rhizosphere extents of all three enzymes, but only acid phosphomonoesterase activity was higher compared with beech. This latter result was determined by a larger root system found in beech compared with spruce that enhanced cellobiohydrolase and leucine-aminopeptidase activities. The root hair zone and hair lengths were significant variables determining the distribution of enzyme activities in the rhizosphere. Our findings indicate that spruce has a more substantial influence on rhizosphere enzyme production and diffusion than beech, enabling spruce to better mobilise nutrients from organic sources in heterogeneous forest soils.</p

Electrochemical Oxidative Sulfonylation–Azidation of Alkenes

A novel electrochemical oxidative sulfonylation–azidation of alkenes is accomplished by using sulfonyl hydrazide and trimethylsilyl azide (TMSN3) for the one-pot and green synthesis of β-azidoarylsulfone, which involves the direct construction of new C–S and C–N bonds. Notably, neither exogenous oxidants/additives nor metal catalysts are required for this method. In addition, this electrochemical strategy features mild conditions and wide substrate scope and has been proved to be a radical pathway by mechanistic studies

DataSheet_1_Snow-cover loss attenuates the effects of N addition on desert nutrient cycling and microbial community.pdf

Desert ecosystems are sensitive to nitrogen (N) deposition. Considering snow is an important source of soil water, which is vital for plant growth and the biogeochemical cycle in desert areas. The effects of N deposition on biological soil crusts (BSCs) could be impacted by the removal of snow-cover. Here, we established a split-plot experiment in the Gurbantunggut Desert to examine the effects of snow-cover treatments on soil nutrients, enzyme activities, and the bacterial community under various N addition. The removal of snow-cover reduced the soil nutrients with light and moderate N addition, it also reduced the activities of urease (URE) and alkaline phosphatase (PHOS). The structural equation model (SEM) result indicated that low soil moisture (SMO) under snow-uncover inhibited the bacterial community, particularly suppressed bacterial diversity. Additionally, N addition indirectly affected the bacterial community via modifications to soil nutrients, and soil organic matter (SOM) (P < 0.001) was the crucial factor. Snow-uncover weakened soil nutrient and enzyme responses to N addition, indicating that snow-cover removal reduced the sensitivity of the desert ecosystem to N deposition. The study highlights the critical role of snow-cover in the desert ecosystem, raising our awareness of the ecological risks of BSCs in future global change.</p

In a 35-year-old man with hepatocellular carcinoma in S6 and S7, right renal artery and adrenal artery participate in blood supply for the carcinoma.

<p>Maximum intensity projection (a) and volume rendering technique (b) display that right adrenal artery (short arrow) and the initial segment of right renal artery (long arrow) gives off branches into the tumor.</p

In a 45-year-old man with hepatocellular carcinoma in S8, left internal mammary artery participates in blood supply for the tumour.

<p>Axial (a) and coronal (b) maximum intensity projection display that left mammary artery gives off branches into the lesion, and the branches are twist and enlarged (white arrow).</p

In a 31-year-old man with hepatocellular carcinoma in S2 and S3, left inferior phrenic artery participates in blood supply for the tumour.

<p>Axial (a) and coronal (b) maximum intensity projection display that left inferior phrenic artery is enlarged apparently (white arrow) and its branches into the tumor (white arrow).</p

Gadoxetic Acid Disodium-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging for the Detection of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Meta-Analysis

<div><p>Objective</p><p>To determine the accuracy of MR imaging with gadoxetic acid disodium (Gd-EOB-DTPA) for the detection of hepatocelluar carcinoma (HCC).</p><p>Materials and Methods</p><p>A systematic search was performed in PUBMED, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and the Chinese Biomedical Literature Database up to March 2013 to identify studies about evaluation of Gd-EOB-DTPA enhanced MR imaging in patients suspected of having HCC. The data were extracted to perform heterogeneity test and threshold effect test and to calculate sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic odds ratio, predictive value, and areas under summary receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC).</p><p>Results</p><p>From 601 citations, 10 were included in the meta-analysis. The methodological quality of the 10 studies was good. <b>Overall HCC</b>: There was significant heterogeneity in the pooled analysis (I² = 69.4%, P = 0.0005), and the pooled weighted values were determined to be sensitivity: 0.91 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.89, 0. 93); specificity: 0.95 (95% CI: 0.94, 0.96); diagnostic odds ratio: 169.94 (95% CI: 108.84, 265.36); positive likelihood ratio: 15.75 (95% CI: 7.45, 33.31); negative likelihood ratio: 0.10 (95% CI: 0.06, 0.15). The AUC was 0.9778. <b>HCC in cirrhosis:</b> The estimates were to be sensitivity: 0.91 (95% CI: 0.88, 0.93); specificity: 0.93 (95% CI: 0.89, 0.95); diagnostic odds ratio: 234.24 (95% CI: 33.47, 1639.25); positive likelihood ratio: 15.08 (95% CI: 2.20, 103.40); negative likelihood ratio: 0.08 (95% CI: 0.03, 0.21). The AUC was 0.9814. <b>≤20</b><b>mm HCC:</b> The AUC was 0.9936. There was no notable publication bias.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>This meta-analysis suggests that MR imaging with Gd-EOB-DTPA has high diagnostic accuracy for the detection of HCC, especially for ≤20 mm HCC. This technique shows good prospect in diagnosis of HCC.</p></div

Tara Tannin-Cross-Linked, Underwater-Adhesive, Super Self-Healing, and Recyclable Gelatin-Based Conductive Hydrogel as a Strain Sensor

Conductive hydrogel strain sensors have triggered extensive research interest in artificial intelligence, human motion detection, electronic skin, and other technical fields. However, it is still challenging work to prepare conductive hydrogels integrated with good biocompatibility, recyclability, self-healing, and strong adhesion properties both in air and underwater. Herein, a novel, ultraexcellent self-healing, adhesive, and multifunctional gelatin composite hydrogel was fabricated through a simple and rapid one-pot method in which gelatin (Gel) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) were used as the polymeric skeletons, Tara tannin as the cross-linking agent, and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as the conducting medium. Inspired by the vegetable tanning mechanism in tanning chemistry, the multiple hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions of Tara tannin with Gel were used to build the cross-linking network of the hydrogel. The obtained GTPC (Gel-Tara tannin-PVA-CNTs) hydrogel exhibited considerable stretchability (760%), strong adhesion strength (16 kPa to pigskin), and high conductive sensitivity (gauge factor (GF) = 6.79). In particular, the GTPC hydrogel displayed good repeatable adhesion (≥10 times) and rapid self-healing performance (HE (self-healing efficiency) > 99%) both in air and underwater. The formed GTPC hydrogel strain sensor could accurately detect various motion signals, such as finger bending, ankle bending, and smiling, and it could also sensitively capture sensing signals of body movements underwater. The self-healed hydrogel sensor also exhibited a similar motion sensing ability to the original one. This work affords a new idea and method for the design and fabrication of flexible strain sensors with rapid air and underwater self-healing performance, high sensitivity, and strong adhesion (in air and water) by using vegetable tannin, promoting the underwater application of sensors and the diversified utilization of vegetable tannin