Does college education make women less likely to marry? Evidence from the Chinese higher education expansion

We study the impact of higher education (HE) on marriage incidence using the 2017 China Household Finance Survey. Taking advantage of the dramatic HE expansion which increased annual college enrolment by 5-fold in the decade starting in 1999, we explore the effect of education on marriage outcomes by instrumenting years of schooling using the interaction of childhood urban hukou status and a set of time dummy and trend variables capturing the exposure to the expansion. This approach is analogous to a difference-in-differences estimator using rural students as a control for any common time trend. Contrary to conventional wisdom, the 2SLS results suggest that increased education induced by the HE expansion leads to higher marriage rates. These positive effects tend to be larger for women living in coastal areas or larger cities. The estimates are robust to alternative specifications, age range, the age cut-offs for childhood hukou status and controls for birth cohort-city specific sex ratios. Our findings imply that the strong negative relationship observed between college education and marriage outcomes for women is likely driven by educational assortative mating due to persistent gender norms in favour of status hypergamy, which prevents the Chinese marriage market from adjusting to the reversed gender gap in HE post-expansion.</p

Experimental data results.

Experimental data results.</p

Three-component reactions of phosphorus ylides, thiophenols, and acetyl chloride for the synthesis of (β-thioacrylates)

<p>The facile synthesis of β-thioacrylates has been realized via direct three-component reactions of thiophenols, Wittig reagents, and acetyl chloride. Under transition metal-free conditions, a class of β-thioacrylates have been synthesized with fair to excellent yields via cascade C=C double bond and C(sp<a href="#cit0002" target="_blank">²</a>)-S bond formation.</p

Code flow.

Code flow.</p

Data storage node distribution map.

Data storage node distribution map.</p

The Protobuf serialization step and its corresponding serialization form.

The Protobuf serialization step and its corresponding serialization form.</p

Tag uses Varints encoding.

Tag uses Varints encoding.</p

Data serialization processing time.

Data serialization processing time.</p

Schematic diagram of node working slot allocation in 3x3 matrix.

Schematic diagram of node working slot allocation in 3x3 matrix.</p

Data processing flow.

Data processing flow.</p