MEI Kodierung der frühesten Notation in linienlosen Neumen

Das Optical Neume Recognition Project (ONRP) hat die digitale Kodierung von musikalischen Notationszeichen aus dem Jahr um 1000 zum Ziel – ein ambitioniertes Vorhaben, das die Projektmitglieder veranlasste, verschiedenste methodische Ansätze zu evaluieren. Die Optical Music Recognition-Software soll eine linienlose Notation aus einem der ältesten erhaltenen Quellen mit Notationszeichen, dem Antiphonar Hartker aus der Benediktinerabtei St. Gallen (Schweiz), welches heute in zwei Bänden in der Stiftsbibliothek in St. Gallen aufbewahrt wird, erfassen. Aufgrund der handgeschriebenen, linienlosen Notation stellt dieser Gregorianische Gesang den Forscher vor viele Herausforderungen. Das Werk umfasst über 300 verschiedene Neumenzeichen und ihre Notation, die mit Hilfe der Music Encoding Initiative (MEI) erfasst und beschrieben werden sollen. Der folgende Artikel beschreibt den Prozess der Adaptierung, um die MEI auf die Notation von Neumen ohne Notenlinien anzuwenden. Beschrieben werden Eigenschaften der Neumennotation, um zu verdeutlichen, wo die Herausforderungen dieser Arbeit liegen sowie die Funktionsweise des Classifiers, einer Art digitalen Neumenwörterbuchs

Dibenzothiophene Sulfone-Based Phosphine Oxide Electron Transporters with Unique Asymmetry for High-Efficiency Blue Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Diodes

Three asymmetrical electron transporters as dibenzothiophene sulfone (DBSO)-diphenylphosphine oxide (DPPO) hybrids, collectively named <i>mn</i>DBSODPO, were designed and prepared. All of these materials achieve the high triplet energy of ∼3.0 eV to restrain the exciton linkage from emissive layers. The dependence of inductive and steric effects for DPPO groups on the substitution position, the intermolecular interaction suppression, the encapsulations of high-polar DBSO cores, and the favorable electrical performance are successfully integrated on 36DBSODPO, which can simultaneously suppress the exciton quenching by formation of an interfacial dipole and enhancing the charge flux balance. As a result, 36DBSODPO endowed its tetralayer blue thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) devices with impressive performance, including the maximum external quantum efficiency around 19%, and reduced efficiency roll-offs, which verifies the great potential of asymmetrical electron transporting materials for highly efficient TADF devices

An Integrated Proteomics Reveals Pathological Mechanism of Honeybee (<i>Apis cerena</i>) Sacbrood Disease

Viral diseases of honeybees are a major challenge for the global beekeeping industry. Chinese indigenous honeybee (<i>Apis cerana cerana</i>, <i>Acc</i>) is one of the major Asian honeybee species and has a dominant population with more than 3 million colonies. However, <i>Acc</i> is frequently threatened by a viral disease caused by Chinese sacbrood virus (CSBV), which leads to fatal infections and eventually loss of the entire colony. Nevertheless, knowledge on the pathological mechanism of this deadly disease is still unknown. Here, an integrated gel-based and label-free liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) based proteomic strategy was employed to unravel the molecular event that triggers this disease, by analysis of proteomics and phosphoproteomics alterations between healthy and CSBV infected worker larvae. There were 180 proteins and 19 phosphoproteins which altered their expressions after the viral infection, of which 142 proteins and 12 phosphoproteins were down-regulated in the sick larvae, while only 38 proteins and 7 phosphoproteins were up-regulated. The infected worker larvae were significantly affected by the pathways of carbohydrate and energy metabolism, development, protein metabolism, cytoskeleton, and protein folding, which were important for supporting organ generation and tissue development. Because of abnormal metabolism of these pathways, the sick larvae fail to pupate and eventually death occurs. Our data, for the first time, comprehensively decipher the molecular underpinnings of the viral infection of the <i>Acc</i> and are potentially helpful for sacbrood disease diagnosis and medicinal development for the prevention of this deadly viral disease

An Integrated Proteomics Reveals Pathological Mechanism of Honeybee (<i>Apis cerena</i>) Sacbrood Disease

Viral diseases of honeybees are a major challenge for the global beekeeping industry. Chinese indigenous honeybee (<i>Apis cerana cerana</i>, <i>Acc</i>) is one of the major Asian honeybee species and has a dominant population with more than 3 million colonies. However, <i>Acc</i> is frequently threatened by a viral disease caused by Chinese sacbrood virus (CSBV), which leads to fatal infections and eventually loss of the entire colony. Nevertheless, knowledge on the pathological mechanism of this deadly disease is still unknown. Here, an integrated gel-based and label-free liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) based proteomic strategy was employed to unravel the molecular event that triggers this disease, by analysis of proteomics and phosphoproteomics alterations between healthy and CSBV infected worker larvae. There were 180 proteins and 19 phosphoproteins which altered their expressions after the viral infection, of which 142 proteins and 12 phosphoproteins were down-regulated in the sick larvae, while only 38 proteins and 7 phosphoproteins were up-regulated. The infected worker larvae were significantly affected by the pathways of carbohydrate and energy metabolism, development, protein metabolism, cytoskeleton, and protein folding, which were important for supporting organ generation and tissue development. Because of abnormal metabolism of these pathways, the sick larvae fail to pupate and eventually death occurs. Our data, for the first time, comprehensively decipher the molecular underpinnings of the viral infection of the <i>Acc</i> and are potentially helpful for sacbrood disease diagnosis and medicinal development for the prevention of this deadly viral disease

An Integrated Proteomics Reveals Pathological Mechanism of Honeybee (<i>Apis cerena</i>) Sacbrood Disease

Viral diseases of honeybees are a major challenge for the global beekeeping industry. Chinese indigenous honeybee (<i>Apis cerana cerana</i>, <i>Acc</i>) is one of the major Asian honeybee species and has a dominant population with more than 3 million colonies. However, <i>Acc</i> is frequently threatened by a viral disease caused by Chinese sacbrood virus (CSBV), which leads to fatal infections and eventually loss of the entire colony. Nevertheless, knowledge on the pathological mechanism of this deadly disease is still unknown. Here, an integrated gel-based and label-free liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) based proteomic strategy was employed to unravel the molecular event that triggers this disease, by analysis of proteomics and phosphoproteomics alterations between healthy and CSBV infected worker larvae. There were 180 proteins and 19 phosphoproteins which altered their expressions after the viral infection, of which 142 proteins and 12 phosphoproteins were down-regulated in the sick larvae, while only 38 proteins and 7 phosphoproteins were up-regulated. The infected worker larvae were significantly affected by the pathways of carbohydrate and energy metabolism, development, protein metabolism, cytoskeleton, and protein folding, which were important for supporting organ generation and tissue development. Because of abnormal metabolism of these pathways, the sick larvae fail to pupate and eventually death occurs. Our data, for the first time, comprehensively decipher the molecular underpinnings of the viral infection of the <i>Acc</i> and are potentially helpful for sacbrood disease diagnosis and medicinal development for the prevention of this deadly viral disease

Differential Expressions of Nuclear Proteomes between Honeybee (<i>Apis mellifera</i> L.) Queen and Worker Larvae: A Deep Insight into Caste Pathway Decisions

Honeybees (<i>Apis mellifera</i> L.) possess individuals (castes) in their colonies, to which specific tasks are allocated. Owing to a difference in nutrition, the young female larvae develop into either a fertile queen or a sterile worker. Despite a series of investigations on the underlying mechanisms of honeybee caste polyphenism, information on proteins and enzymes involved in DNA and RNA regulation in the nucleus is still missing. The techniques of nuclear protein enrichment, two-dimensional electrophoresis, mass spectrometry and bioinformatics were applied to understand the nuclear proteome changes in response to changes in environmental settings (nutrition and time) during the early developmental stages at the third (72 h), fourth (96 h), and fifth (120 h) instars of the two caste intended larvae. A total of 120 differentially expressed nuclear proteins were identified in both caste intended larvae during these developmental stages. The third, fourth and fifth instars of queen prospective larvae expressed 69%, 84%, and 68% of the proteins that had altered expression, respectively. Particularly, the prospective queen larvae up-regulated most of the proteins with nuclear functions. In general, this changing nuclear proteome of the two caste intended larvae over the three developmental stages suggests variations in DNA and RNA regulating proteins and enzymes. These variations of proteins and enzymes involved in DNA and RNA regulation in response to differential nutrition between the two caste intended larvae lead the two caste larvae to pursue different developmental trajectories. Hence, this first data set of the nuclear proteome helps us to explore the innermost biological makings of queen and worker bee castes as early as before the 72 h (3rd instar). Also, it provides new insights into the honeybee’s polymorphism at nuclear proteome level and paves new ways to understand mechanisms of caste decision in other eusocial insects

An Integrated Proteomics Reveals Pathological Mechanism of Honeybee (<i>Apis cerena</i>) Sacbrood Disease

Viral diseases of honeybees are a major challenge for the global beekeeping industry. Chinese indigenous honeybee (<i>Apis cerana cerana</i>, <i>Acc</i>) is one of the major Asian honeybee species and has a dominant population with more than 3 million colonies. However, <i>Acc</i> is frequently threatened by a viral disease caused by Chinese sacbrood virus (CSBV), which leads to fatal infections and eventually loss of the entire colony. Nevertheless, knowledge on the pathological mechanism of this deadly disease is still unknown. Here, an integrated gel-based and label-free liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) based proteomic strategy was employed to unravel the molecular event that triggers this disease, by analysis of proteomics and phosphoproteomics alterations between healthy and CSBV infected worker larvae. There were 180 proteins and 19 phosphoproteins which altered their expressions after the viral infection, of which 142 proteins and 12 phosphoproteins were down-regulated in the sick larvae, while only 38 proteins and 7 phosphoproteins were up-regulated. The infected worker larvae were significantly affected by the pathways of carbohydrate and energy metabolism, development, protein metabolism, cytoskeleton, and protein folding, which were important for supporting organ generation and tissue development. Because of abnormal metabolism of these pathways, the sick larvae fail to pupate and eventually death occurs. Our data, for the first time, comprehensively decipher the molecular underpinnings of the viral infection of the <i>Acc</i> and are potentially helpful for sacbrood disease diagnosis and medicinal development for the prevention of this deadly viral disease

An Integrated Proteomics Reveals Pathological Mechanism of Honeybee (<i>Apis cerena</i>) Sacbrood Disease

Viral diseases of honeybees are a major challenge for the global beekeeping industry. Chinese indigenous honeybee (<i>Apis cerana cerana</i>, <i>Acc</i>) is one of the major Asian honeybee species and has a dominant population with more than 3 million colonies. However, <i>Acc</i> is frequently threatened by a viral disease caused by Chinese sacbrood virus (CSBV), which leads to fatal infections and eventually loss of the entire colony. Nevertheless, knowledge on the pathological mechanism of this deadly disease is still unknown. Here, an integrated gel-based and label-free liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) based proteomic strategy was employed to unravel the molecular event that triggers this disease, by analysis of proteomics and phosphoproteomics alterations between healthy and CSBV infected worker larvae. There were 180 proteins and 19 phosphoproteins which altered their expressions after the viral infection, of which 142 proteins and 12 phosphoproteins were down-regulated in the sick larvae, while only 38 proteins and 7 phosphoproteins were up-regulated. The infected worker larvae were significantly affected by the pathways of carbohydrate and energy metabolism, development, protein metabolism, cytoskeleton, and protein folding, which were important for supporting organ generation and tissue development. Because of abnormal metabolism of these pathways, the sick larvae fail to pupate and eventually death occurs. Our data, for the first time, comprehensively decipher the molecular underpinnings of the viral infection of the <i>Acc</i> and are potentially helpful for sacbrood disease diagnosis and medicinal development for the prevention of this deadly viral disease

Quantitative Neuropeptidome Analysis Reveals Neuropeptides Are Correlated with Social Behavior Regulation of the Honeybee Workers

Neuropeptides play vital roles in orchestrating neural communication and physiological modulation in organisms, acting as neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, and neurohormones. The highly evolved social structure of honeybees is a good system for understanding how neuropeptides regulate social behaviors; however, much knowledge on neuropeptidomic variation in the age-related division of labor remains unknown. An in-depth comparison of the brain neuropeptidomic dynamics over four time points of age-related polyethism was performed on two strains of honeybees, the Italian bee (<i>Apis mellifera ligustica</i>, ITb) and the high royal jelly producing bee (RJb, selected for increasing royal jelly production for almost four decades from the ITb in China). Among the 158 identified nonredundant neuropeptides, 77 were previously unreported, significantly expanding the coverage of the honeybee neuropeptidome. The fact that 14 identical neuropeptide precursors changed their expression levels during the division of labor in both the ITb and RJb indicates they are highly related to task transition of honeybee workers. These observations further suggest the two lines of bees employ a similar neuropeptidome modification to tune their respective physiology of age polyethism via regulating excretory system, circadian clock system, and so forth. Noticeably, the enhanced level of neuropeptides implicated in regulating water homeostasis, brood pheromone recognition, foraging capacity, and pollen collection in RJb signify the fact that neuropeptides are also involved in the regulation of RJ secretion. These findings gain novel understanding of honeybee neuropeptidome correlated with social behavior regulation, which is potentially important in neurobiology for honeybees and other insects

In-Depth Phosphoproteomic Analysis of Royal Jelly Derived from Western and Eastern Honeybee Species

The proteins in royal jelly (RJ) play a pivotal role in the nutrition, immune defense, and cast determination of honeybee larvae and have a wide range of pharmacological and health-promoting functions for humans as well. Although the importance of post-translational modifications (PTMs) in protein function is known, investigation of protein phosphorylation of RJ proteins is still very limited. To this end, two complementary phosphopeptide enrichment materials (Ti⁴⁺-IMAC and TiO₂) and high-sensitivity mass spectrometry were applied to establish a detailed phosphoproteome map and to qualitatively and quantitatively compare the phosphoproteomes of RJ produced by Apis mellifera ligustica (Aml) and Apis cerana cerana (Acc). In total, 16 phosphoproteins carrying 67 phosphorylation sites were identified in RJ derived from western bees, and nine proteins phosphorylated on 71 sites were found in RJ produced by eastern honeybees. Of which, eight phosphorylated proteins were common to both RJ samples, and the same motif ([S-x-E]) was extracted, suggesting that the function of major RJ proteins as nutrients and immune agents is evolutionary preserved in both of these honeybee species. All eight overlapping phosphoproteins showed significantly higher abundance in Acc-RJ than in Aml-RJ, and the phosphorylation of Jelleine-II (an antimicrobial peptide, TPFKLSLHL) at S⁶ in Acc-RJ had stronger antimicrobial properties than that at T¹ in Aml-RJ even though the overall antimicrobial activity of Jelleine-II was found to decrease after phosphorylation. The differences in phosphosites, peptide abundance, and antimicrobial activity of the phosphorylated RJ proteins indicate that the two major honeybee species employ distinct phosphorylation strategies that align with their different biological characteristics shaped by evolution. The phosphorylation of RJ proteins are potentially driven by the activity of extracellular serine/threonine protein kinase FAM20C-like protein (FAM20C-like) through the [S-x-E] motif, which is supported by evidence that mRNA and protein expression of FAM20C-like protein kinase are both found in the highest level in the hypopharyngeal gland of nurse bees. Our data represent the first comprehensive RJ phosphorylation atlas, recording patterns of phosphorylated RJ protein abundance and antibacterial activity of some RJ proteins in two major managed honeybee species. These data constitute a firm basis for future research to better understand the biological roles of each RJ protein for honeybee biology and human health care