Willing but Unable: Short-Term Experimental Evidence on Parent Empowerment and School Quality

Giving communities power over school management and spending decisions has been a favored strategy to increase school quality, but its effectiveness may be limited by weak capacity and low authority. We examine the short-term responses of a grant to school committees in a context such a context and find that overall, parents increased participation and responsibility, but these efforts did not improve quality. Enrollment at the lowest grades increased and school resources improved, but teacher absenteeism increased, and there was no impact on test scores. We examine heterogeneous impacts, and provide a model of school quality explaining the results and other results in the literature. The findings of this paper imply that strategies to improve quality by empowering parents should take levels of community authority and capacity into account: even when communities are willing to work to improve their schools, they may not be able to do so

Helping People help themselves:Insights from behavioral economics for policies to counter addiction

Les apports de l'économie comportementale permettent de concevoir de nouvelles formes d'action publique et d'augmenter l'efficacité des recommandations habituelles. Nous discutons ici de l'utilité de ces approches pour traiter la toxicomanie. Ces modèles reposent sur les biais cognitifs intervenant dans la prise de décision pour aider les gens à éviter de commettre des erreurs. Des exemples de ces stratégies consistent à modifier la présentation de l'information, à transformer les incitations, et à offrir des possibilités de pré-engagement. Il est essentiel de tester rigoureusement ces différentes stratégies avant de les mettre en pratique et les gouvernements devraient envisager une utilisation systématique de l'économie comportementale dans l'élaboration des politiques publiques.Insights from behavioral economics have the potential to generate novel interventions and policies as well as inscrease the effectiveness of standard prescriptions. Here we discuss approaches to address addictions. These insights hinge on leveraging devision-making biases to help people overcome mistakes. Examples of these strategies include changing the presentation of information, restructuring incentives, and providing opportunities for precommitment. Rigorously testing different policy ideas is key to putting them into practice. Governments should consider a systematic approach to policy development using behavioral economics

Treatment expectations but not preference affect outcome in a trial of CBT and exercise for pain

The following are members of the MUSICIAN study team: Gary Macfarlane (Principal Investigator), John McBeth (Investigator), Deborah Symmons (Investigator), Karina Lovell (investigator), Philip Keeley (Investigator), Phil Hannaford (Investigator), Chrysa Gkazinou (Trial manager), Marcus Beasley (Research Assistant), Elizabeth Jones (PhD student), Gordon Prescott (Statistician), and Steve Woby (Investigator). We are grateful to the practices and patients in Aberdeen city and Cheshire, which participated in the study: Carden medical centre, Elmbank medical practice, Great Western Road medical practice, Garthdee medical group, Readesmoor medical group practice, Lawton House surgery, Bollington medical practice, Park Lane surgery. The Scottish Primary Care Research Network facilitated access to patient information at the practices in Aberdeen city. Charlie Stockton was the study manager and Ashraf El-Metwally an Investigator during the setting up and for part of the conduct of the study. John Norrie was originally an investigator of the MUSICIAN study while Director of the Centre for Health Care Randomised Trials (CHART) at the University of Aberdeen. We are grateful for the input of members of the Health Services Research Unit (HSRU) at The University of Aberdeen in the conduct of the study: Alison MacDonald and Gladys McPherson. We are grateful to the project assistants who worked on the survey: Dev Acharya, Jennifer Bannister, Flora Joyce, Michelle Rein., Karen Kane, and Rowan Jasper. Alison Littlewood was responsible for study management at the Cheshire site. Finally, we thank the independent members of the trial steering committee (Professor Matthew Hotopf, Professor Tracey Howe, Professor Martin Underwood) and data monitoring committee (Dr. Marwan Bukhari, Professor Hazel Inskip, Dr. Chris Edwards). Funding details The study was funded by Arthritis Research UK, grant number 17292.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Country Roads Take Me...?: An Ethnographic Case Study of College Pathways Among Rural, First-Generation Students

Thesis advisor: Ted YounThe purpose of this study was to examine college pathways or college access and success of rural, first-generation students. Most research on college pathways for low- and moderate-income students focuses on those students as a whole or on urban low-socioeconomic status (SES) students. (Caution is in order when generalizing the experiences of low-SES urban students to those of low-SES rural students.) The literature reveals that rural students attend college at lower rates than their urban and suburban counterparts and are likely to have lower college aspirations. Why such differences exist remains highly speculative in the literature. Especially absent is knowledge about how rural culture interacts with rural student behavior. Current research on pathways primarily examines factors used to predict college aspirations, participation, and completion of rural students. This ethnographic case study examined why and how such factors influenced students in a rural, high poverty county in southern West Virginia. The study explored rural cultural values and how rural culture influenced college pathways. All students in the sample had attended high school in the selected county and were enrolled in West Virginia two- and four-year public institutions. This study found that attachment to family significantly influenced students' college-going decisions and behaviors. Students' parents, siblings, and extended family provided support and encouragement necessary for high educational aspirations, college-going, and persistence. Attachment to family made it difficult for students to leave the area. The decision to leave, return or stay was difficult for rural students given the strong attachment to family, place, and community; yet, the lack of economic opportunity in the area affected the decision as well. Cultural legacies, traditions, and norms influenced rural students' college-going and persistence. In addition to family's vital role in the success of rural students their high schools, communities, and peers were also relevant. Given the importance of family in the lives of rural students, local, institutional, state, and federal policies and practices must keep families involved and replicate family support models.Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2011.Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education.Discipline: Educational Administration and Higher Education

Strategies to Improve Productivity of a Multigenerational Workforce

The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reports that millennials will soon represent 46% of the workforce. The anticipated changes in the workforce are of great concern to business leaders who may manage individuals from different generations. The purpose of this multiple case study was to explore the strategies that administrative leaders in an advisory group of community-based organizations and educational institutions used to improve the productivity of a multigenerational workforce. The conceptual frameworks that grounded this study were the social constructivist perspective and generational theory. Data were collected from semistructured interviews to elicit narratives from 6 administrative leaders from 6 different nonprofit organizations selected via purposive sampling throughout the northeast region of the United States with experience improving the productivity of a multigenerational workforce. Data also came from a review of company documents and a reflexive journal. Data analysis entailed coding, identifying relevant themes, using Yin\u27s 5 step analytic strategy approach, and member checking to strengthen the validity of the interpretations of participants\u27 responses. Two principal themes emerged from the data: effective leadership strategies and essential retention strategies to improve productivity. The overall analysis of the 2 principal themes revealed the importance of communication, teamwork, training, work-life programs, recognition, knowledge sharing, and feedback in improving the productivity of a multigenerational workforce. Findings from this study may contribute to social change because chief executive officers (CEO) may use the strategies to implement corrective measures to positively influence the productivity of a multigenerational workforce

Perceptions of Middle School Bystanders to Bullying Incidences

Bullying permeates all grade levels in schools. Despite antibullying initiatives implemented in a Midwest school district, bullying continued to occur. One aspect of bullying that is not often examined is the perceptions of bystanders, especially at the middle school level. The purposes of this quantitative survey design study were to examine (a) the frequency and level of bullying by grade level, (b) the relationship between middle school bystanders\u27 willingness to intervene and grade level, and (c) perceptions of bullying interventions and grade level. Latané and Darley\u27s bystander effect theory was the theoretical framework for this study. Descriptive statistics and chi-square analysis were used to examine survey data from 548 6th, 7th, and 8th graders who reported being bullied or observed bullying at school. Descriptive statistics results were that the majority of students were bullied occasionally (6th grade 57%, 7th grade 63%, and 8th grade 57%), while a smaller group of students (6th grade 22%, 7th grade 20%, and 8th grade 25%) were bullied every day. Chi square results indicated there was no significant relationship between bystanders\u27 willingness to intervene in bullying situations and their grade level. Furthermore, there was a significant relationship between students\u27 perceptions regarding impact of intervening for Grades 6 and 8, but not for Grade 7. It was concluded that, within this particular group, bullying was occurring in unsupervised areas in middle school, and few students were reporting an intent to help a student being bullied, despite their perceptions that intervening would be effective. It is recommended that students receive bystander intervention training that may reduce bullying. This endeavor may contribute to positive social change by providing bystander students with the skills necessary to intervene in incidences of bullying to reduce bullying in schools

Empowering Parents in School: What They Can (not) Do

Improving service quality via beneficiary participation in managing the service may be unrealistic if a community with low authority must act in opposition to a high authority service provider. We present a framework of how community characteristics change the effectiveness of different types of participation. W use date from a ramdomized pilot project on participation in school management in Niger to test our predictions. We find that all parents increase participation in ways that support the teachers, but only educated parents increase monitoring of teacher attendance. We also present evidence that participation can be a "nudge" to increased service demand

Second Chances for Paisley Shawls

Historic collections include garments recycled from old paisley shawls. Shawls enjoyed popularity in the nineteenth century, reaching their peak in the 1850s and 1860s. When the crinoline changed to the bustle circa 1870, paisley shawls faded from fashion. This project asked the question: what happened to paisley shawls after they went out of style? Using a material culture model, the study examined six paisley garments in a university collection as examples of recycling and reuse. Remodeling efforts dated from 1870s to 1940s. Reasons for remodeling paisley shawls into garments over this long stretch of time are varied. First is the practical reason of revamping a luxury textile no longer in fashion. Second, the large shawls provided fabric that could be repurposed during wartime when Americans experienced shortages. Third, the paisley motif, with its exotic origins in India, tapped into the Orientalism that permeated the early years of the twentieth century

Well-being through the Lens of the Internet

We build models to estimate well-being in the United States based on changes in the volume of internet searches for different words, obtained from the Google Trends website. The estimated well-being series are weighted combinations of word groups that are endogenously identified to fit the weekly subjective well-being measures collected by Gallup Analytics for the United States or the biannual measures for the 50 states. Our approach combines theoretical underpinnings and statistical analysis, and the model we construct successfully estimates the out-of-sample evolution of most subjective well-being measures at a one-year horizon. Our analysis suggests that internet search data can be a complement to traditional survey data to measure and analyze the well-being of a population at high frequency and local geographic levels. We highlight some factors that are important for well-being, as we find that internet searches associated with job search, civic participation, and healthy habits consistently predict well-being across several models, datasets and use cases during the period studied