The mark of captivity: plastic responses in the ankle bone of a wild ungulate (Sus scrofa)

International audienceDeciphering the plastic (non-heritable) changes induced by human control over wild animals in the archaeological record is challenging. We hypothesized that changes in locomotor behaviour in a wild ungulate due to mobility control could be quantified in the bone anatomy. To test this, we experimented with the effect of mobility reduction on the skeleton of wild boar (Sus scrofa), using the calcaneus shape as a possible © 2020 The Authors. Published by the Royal Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited. phenotypic marker. We first assessed differences in shape variation and covariation in captive-reared and wild-caught wild boars, taking into account differences in sex, body mass, available space for movement and muscle force. This plastic signal was then contrasted with the phenotypic changes induced by selective breeding in domestic pigs. We found that mobility reduction induces a plastic response beyond the shape variation of wild boars in their natural habitat, associated with a reduction in the range of locomotor behaviours and muscle loads. This plastic signal of captivity in the calcaneus shape differs from the main changes induced by selective breeding for larger muscle and earlier development that impacted the pigs' calcaneus shape in a much greater extent than the mobility reduction during the domestication process of their wild ancestors

B45.772 Minor Carvings Taq-e-Bustan

Minor carvings at the Taq-e-Bustan.https://digital.kenyon.edu/baly/1305/thumbnail.jp

B42.197 Moulay Idris Zerhoun

Looking at the town of Moulay Idris, which is spread over two hills at the base of the Mount Zerhoun. Moulay Idris is of particular significance for the Moroccan people; it is named after Moulay Idris I, the Arab ruler and founder of the Idrisid dynasty in Morocco. He was a great-great-great grandson of the Prophet of Islam Muhammad, and was instrumental in the early Islamization of Morocco. -MAhttps://digital.kenyon.edu/baly/1730/thumbnail.jp

B41.083 Cow Pasture

Beysehir cow pasture in the early winter. -CKhttps://digital.kenyon.edu/baly/1535/thumbnail.jp

B41.084 Pastoral Farmland

Pastoral farmland outside of Yalvac or Pisidian Antioch. -CKhttps://digital.kenyon.edu/baly/1536/thumbnail.jp

B10.29 Minar Ali

View of the minaret of Masjid-e-Ali from inside the mosque courtyard. The soaring (48 m) tall minaret has a tapering cylindrical shaft built entirely of brick. The lower portion is covered by two decorative brick patterns, the lower one of interlocking stars in recess, while the upper one of a finer diamond shaped pattern.https://digital.kenyon.edu/baly/1157/thumbnail.jp

B05.094 Bodrum Castle

The façade of the chapel-turned-mosque (in the sixteenth century) of the Bodrum Castle. It also has a Turkish-style minaret that fell in the first world war and was reconstructed late in the twentieth century. -MAhttps://digital.kenyon.edu/baly/1985/thumbnail.jp

B45.335 Tomb of Sultan Uljaitu

A richly decorated stalactite cornice ribbons the octagon. (For a general account of the Tomb of Uljaitu, see B45.332)https://digital.kenyon.edu/baly/1189/thumbnail.jp

B49.085 Seville Cathedral

85- A view of the “Patio de los Naranjos” or “Courtyard of the Oranges” in the Seville cathedral. This courtyard along with the horse-shoe arcade was part of the original Almohad mosque of Seville, and along with the Giralda is one of the few remnants of the original Almohad mosque on whose plan the Seville Cathedral was built.https://digital.kenyon.edu/baly/1309/thumbnail.jp

B41.047 Agzikara Han

This han or caravenserai dates from the 13th century (1231-1240) and is located along the Silk Road. It is one of the best preserved caravanserais in Anatolia. Seljuk rule in Anatolia saw a sharp increase in the number of caravanserais—this was a reflection of the Seljuk Sultans\u27 committment to bring back trade to the region by ensuring the security and accessibility of the old trade routes which had been going into disuse after the Seljuk-Byzantine wars. -SKhttps://digital.kenyon.edu/baly/1146/thumbnail.jp