DENV RNA levels in plasma and PBMC subpopulations in primary and secondary infections.

<p>Plasma and PBMC cell subpopulations of 11 primary and 15 secondary DENV infections, all of whom had DF, were analyzed. * indicates statistically significant differences in DENV RNA levels between primary and secondary infection (P<.05). +indicates differences between DENV RNA levels in CD20+ cells compared to CD14+ and CD2+ cells (P<.05).</p

Univariate correlations between indicators of disease severity and viral RNA levels in plasma and cell fractions collected on fever day-2.

<p>Correlations between viral RNA levels in plasma and cell fractions on fever day −2 and indicators of disease severity were analyzed by Spearman's Rho test. Multivariate non-parametric test of independence revealed that plasma viral RNA levels and viral RNA levels in CD14+ cell fraction independently correlated with pleural effusion index (P = .001).</p

Dengue virus in plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

<p>Comparisons of dengue viral (DENV) RNA levels in plasma and PBMC subpopulations in DF and DHF cases two days prior to defervescence (fever day −2) (A). * indicates statistically significant differences in DENV RNA levels between DF and DHF (P<.05). +indicates differences between DENV RNA levels in CD20+ cells compared to CD14+ and CD2+ cells (P<.05). (B, C, D, E) Levels of DENV RNA levels in plasma (B), CD14+ (C), CD2+ (D) and CD20+ (E) cells on fever day −2 and fever day −1. Each line represents individual cases: solid lines: DHF, dashed lines: DF.</p

Positive and negative strand DENV RNA levels in unfractionated PBMC.

<p>Quantitative PCR for positive and negative strand viral RNA was performed with RNA extracted from unfractionated PBMC collected on fever day-2 from subjects infected with DENV1 (A), DENV2 (B), DENV3 (C), or DENV4 (D). The range of the positive strand DENV RNA was 0 to 6069 copies/million cells. Negative strand DENV RNA was detected in 6 of 18 samples with detectable positive strand RNA and the levels ranged from 5 to 35 copies/million cells.</p

Plasma troponin-T levels in individual DF (white circles) or DHF cases (black circles) during the course of the illness.

<p>The horizontal line indicates a cut-off for an abnormal value at 30 pg/ml.</p

Left ventricular functions in dengue by fever day.

<p>Ejection fraction (A), early diastolic LV inflow flow (B), and late diastolic LV inflow (C) of dengue fever (dotted line) and dengue hemorrhagic fever cases (solid line) over the course of the illness. Fever day 0 denotes day of defervescence. * different from dengue fever (<i>P</i> < .05). The numbers of cases were: fever-day -3 (DF 4, DHF 5), fever-day-2 (DF 13, DHF 9), fever-day-1(DF 43, DHF 26), fever-day-0(DF 104, DHF 56), fever-day+1(DF 119, DHF 62), fever-day+2(DF 70, DHF 60), fever-day+3(DF 13, DHF 38).</p

Laboratory findings and cardiac function measurements on the first study day in subjects with dengue.

<p>Values represent mean (SE), or number of cases.</p><p>^a two DHF cases did not have ultrasonography performed on the day of enrollment and were not included in this analysis. Differences between groups were analyzed by ANOVA with post hoc test or by Man Whitney’s test.</p><p>^<i>b</i>, ^<i>c</i> different from DHF without leakage at <i>P</i> < .005, and .05 respectively).</p><p>Laboratory findings and cardiac function measurements on the first study day in subjects with dengue.</p

Clinical characteristics of study participants.

<p>Fever day and laboratory findings were from the day of study entry. Values represent mean (SE), or number of cases.</p><p>^<i>a</i> Different from non-dengue cases (<i>P</i> < .05)</p><p>^<i>b</i> different from DF (<i>P</i> < .05).</p><p>Clinical characteristics of study participants.</p

Frequencies of abnormal TDI during the course of the illness.

<p>Percentages of DF (dotted lines) and DHF cases (solid lines) with low septal and lateral S wave (A, B) and septal and lateral Ea wave (C, D) and high E/Ea ratios (E) determined based on published age-specific normal values (21). * different from DF (<i>P</i> < .05).</p

Tissue Doppler imaging studies of LV function on the first study day in subjects with dengue.

<p>Values represent mean (SE), or number of cases.</p><p>^a two DHF cases did not have ultrasonography performed on the day of enrollment and were not included in this analysis. Differences between groups were analyzed by ANOVA with post hoc test or by Man Whitney’s test.</p><p>^<i>b</i>, ^<i>c</i> different from DHF without leakage at <i>P</i> < .05, and .005 respectively).</p><p>Tissue Doppler imaging studies of LV function on the first study day in subjects with dengue.</p