¹H spectrum of the ipsilateral thalamus.

<p>Acquired ¹H spectrum of the ipsilateral thalamus of an animal exposed to HI. Cr, creatine; DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide; Gln, glutamine; Glu, glutamate; GPC, glycerophosphocholine; GSH, glutathione; Ins, myo-inositol; NAA, N-acetyl aspartate; PCh, phosphocoline; PCr, phosphocreatine; Tau, taurine.</p

Early metabolite changes after melatonin treatment in neonatal rats with hypoxic-ischemic brain injury studied by <i>in-vivo</i> ¹H MR spectroscopy

<div><p>Melatonin is a promising neuroprotective agent after perinatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury. We used <i>in-vivo</i> ¹H magnetic resonance spectroscopy to investigate effects of melatonin treatment on brain metabolism after HI. Postnatal day 7 Sprague-Dawley rats with unilateral HI brain injury were treated with either melatonin 10 mg/kg dissolved in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) with 5% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or vehicle (5% DMSO and/or PBS) directly and at 6 hours after HI. ¹H MR spectra from the thalamus in the ipsilateral and contralateral hemisphere were acquired 1 day after HI. Our results showed that injured animals had a distinct metabolic profile in the ipsilateral thalamus compared to sham with low concentrations of total creatine, choline, <i>N</i>-acetyl aspartate (NAA), and high concentrations of lipids. A majority of the melatonin-treated animals had a metabolic profile characterized by higher total creatine, choline, NAA and lower lipid levels than other HI animals. When comparing absolute concentrations, melatonin treatment resulted in higher glutamine levels and lower lipid concentrations compared to DMSO treatment as well as higher macromolecule levels compared to PBS treatment day 1 after HI. DMSO treated animals had lower concentrations of glucose, creatine, phosphocholine and macromolecules compared to sham animals. In conclusion, the neuroprotective effects of melatonin were reflected in a more favorable metabolic profile including reduced lipid levels that likely represents reduced cell injury. Neuroprotective effects may also be related to the influence of melatonin on glutamate/glutamine metabolism. The modulatory effects of the solvent DMSO on cerebral energy metabolism might have masked additional beneficial effects of melatonin.</p></div

Metabolic profiles of the ipsilateral thalamus of HI animals after 2 treatment injections.

<p>(a) The metabolic profiles of the HI animals treated with either melatonin (10 mg/kg) dissolved in PBS with 5% DMSO (MEL), PBS with 5% DMSO (DMSO) or only PBS (PBS) are displayed in the PCA score plot. The shaded area marks the animals treated with melatonin with higher levels of energy metabolites, neurotransmitters and macromolecules as shown in (b). (b) The corresponding loading plot shows the metabolic alterations related to the separation along PC 1. Glx, glutamine+glutamate; GPC glycerophosphocholine; HI, hypoxia-ischemia; NAA, N-acetyl aspartate; NAAG, N-acetyl aspartyl glutamate; MM, macromolecules; Lip, lipids; PC, principle component; PCA, principle component analysis; PCh, phosphocholine; PCr, phosphocreatine; ppm, parts per million.</p

Metabolite concentrations in the contralateral thalamus within 1 day after HI.

<p>Concentrations of (a) energy metabolites, (b) neurotransmitters, (c) anti-oxidants and osmolytes, (d) metabolites representing cell injury/viability and (e) lipids and macromolecules in HI animals exposed to PBS, DMSO or melatonin (MEL) treatment and sham animals (here presented as one group). Results are presented as mean ± SEM. * significant differences between groups. GPC glycerophosphocholine; HI, hypoxia-ischemia; Lip, lipids; MM, macromolecules; NAA, N-acetyl aspartate; ppm, parts per million; sham, sham-operated.</p

ISOLASI SILIKA (SiO ) DARI AMPAS TEBU (BA GA SSE) SEBAGAI BAHAN DASAR NATRIUM SILIKAT (Na 2 2 SiO ) UNTUK INHIBITOR KOROSI PADA BESI 3

Sintesis senyawa natrium silikat (Na 2 SiO ) sebagai inhibitor telah berhasil dilakukan menggunakan silika (SiO 2 3 ) yang berasal dari ampas tebu sebagai precursor. Silika dipisahkan menggunakan metode isolasi. Metode yang digunakan pada penentuan laju korosi ialah kehilangan berat. Senyawa natrium silikat dapat menghambat laju korosi dengan efisiensi inhibisi sebesar 59,58% pada medium asam klorida (HCl), 43,86% pada medium air laboratorium kimia FMIPA dan 63,53% pada medium garam. Kata Kunci : Natural silika, bagasse, besi, inhibitor, mediu

Metabolic profiles of the ipsilateral thalamus of HI and sham animals 1 day after HI.

<p>(a) The PCA score plot shows the metabolic profiles of all animals. The HI animals were separated from the sham animals with the corresponding loading plot of PC 1 (b) showing the metabolic alterations that caused this separation. The shaded area is drawn based on visual inspection and is meant to highlight the separation between the groups. Glx, glutamine+glutamate; GPC glycerophosphocholine; HI, hypoxia-ischemia; NAA, N-acetyl aspartate; NAAG, N-acetyl aspartyl glutamate; MM, macromolecules; Lip, lipids; PC, principle component; PCA, principle component analysis; PCh, phosphocholine; PCr, phosphocreatine; ppm, parts per million.</p

Additional file 2: of Long-term follow-up of mental health, health-related quality of life and associations with motor skills in young adults born preterm with very low birth weight

Proportion (%) of young people living with their parents in New Zealand, 1981–2006. (DOCX 14 kb

Additional file 1: of Long-term follow-up of mental health, health-related quality of life and associations with motor skills in young adults born preterm with very low birth weight

Share of young people living with their parents in Europe. (XLS 30 kb

MOESM1 of Mental health and cerebellar volume during adolescence in very-low-birth-weight infants: a longitudinal study

Additional file 1: Appendix S1. Mixed model linear regressions with psychiatric data as dependent variable and cerebellar volumes (ml) and time as independent variables in the VLBW group. Adjusted for age, gender and estimated intracranial volume, but not for IQ

Litter differences in T₂.

<p>T₂-relaxation time in the brain at P14 in litter A (grey columns, n = 13), litter B (black columns, n = 9) and C (white columns, n = 8) in the cortex (a), hippocampus (b), putamen (c) and thalamus (d). T₂-relaxation times are shown in milliseconds. Differences between litters are marked where significant (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Data are presented as mean ± 95% confidence interval. Abbreviations: IHH, intermittent hyperoxia-hypoxia; P14: postnatal day 14; P28: postnatal day 28. </p