31 research outputs found
Ultrasound in gasâliquid systems: Effects on solubility and mass transfer
The effect of ultrasound on the pseudo-solubility of nitrogen in water and on gasâliquid mass transfer kinetics has been investigated in an autoclave reactor equipped with a gas induced impeller. In order to use organic liquids and to investigate the effect of pressure, gasâliquid mass transfer coefficient was calculated from the evolution of autoclave pressure during gas absorption to avoid any side-effects of ultrasound on the concentrations measurements. Ultrasound effect on the apparent solubility is very low (below 12%). Conversely ultrasound greatly improves gasâliquid mass transfer, especially below gas induction speed, this improvement being boosted by pressure. In typical conditions of organic synthesis: 323 K, 1100 rpm, 10 bar, kL a is multiplied by 11 with ultrasound (20 kHz/62.6 W). The impact of sonication is much higher on gassing out than on gassing in. In the same conditions, this enhancement is at least five times higher for degassing
Role of Lewis acid sites of ZSM-5 zeolite on gaseous ozone abatement
In this work, chemical interactions between ozone and zeolite surface active sites are studied in order to propose a process for gaseous ozone removal. Synthetic ZSM-5 zeolites with three different Si/Al2 ratios and similar specific surface areas and microporous volumes were used in this study. Zeolite samples were characterised using Fourier Transform InfraRed spectroscopy (FTIR) and pyridine sorption IR studies in order to determine acidic site concentrations and strength. Ozone removal experiments were conducted in a quartz fixed-bed flow reactor, at 20°C and 101 kPa. Experiments using Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (DRIFTS) were conducted in order to identify adsorbed ozone and/or adsorbed oxygen species on zeolite surface. Pyridine IR measurements evidence two kinds of Lewis acid sites induced by extra-framework aluminium species and electronic aluminium defaults inside zeolite structure. Results obtained here evidence the important role of acidic surface sites of ZSM-5 zeolite on gaseous ozone removal. The total amount of removed ozone is found to be directly proportional to the total content of Lewis acid sites. DRIFTS experiments exhibit two bands around 800 and 1400 cm-1 that could correspond to adsorbed oxygen species linked to zeolite surface. DRIFTS experiments also exhibit a band around 1100 cm-1 that correspond to adsorbed ozone on the zeolite surface. Gaseous ozone removal using ZSM-5 zeolite could be largely attributed to ozone decomposition on Lewis acid sites and also to ozone adsorption on the surface of the zeolites
Photocatalytic degradation of an azo-dye on TiO2/ activated carbon composite material
A sequential adsorption/photocatalytic regeneration process to remove tartrazine, an azo-dye in aqueous solution, has been investigated. The aim of this work was to compare the effectiveness of an adsorbent/photocatalyst composite â TiO2 deposited onto activated carbon (AC) â and a simple mixture of powders of TiO2 and AC in same proportion. The composite was an innovative material as the photocatalyst, TiO2, was deposited on the porous surface of a microporous-AC using metal-organic chemical vapour deposition in fluidized bed. The sequential process was composed of two-batch step cycles: every cycle alternated a step of adsorption and a step of photocatalytic oxidation under ultra-violet (365 nm), at 25âŠC and atmospheric pressure. Both steps, adsorption and photocatalytic oxidation, have been investigated during four cycles. For both materials, the cumulated amounts adsorbed during four cycles corresponded to nearly twice themaximumadsorption capacities qmax proving the photocatalytic oxidation to regenerate the adsorbent. Concerning photocatalytic oxidation, the degree of mineralization was higher with the TiO2/AC composite: for each cycle, the value of the total organic carbon removal was 25% higher than that obtained with the mixture powder. These better photocatalytic performances involved better regeneration than higher adsorbed amounts for cycles 2, 3 and 4. Better performances with this promising material â TiO2 deposited onto AC â compared with TiO2 powder could be explained by the vicinity of photocatalytic and AC adsorption sites
Adsorption of aqueous organic mixtures on activated carbon: experiments and modelling of competitive adsorption
Experiments and modelling of competitive adsorptio
Refractory compounds abatement by adsorption and oxidative catalytic regeneration on activated carbon Experimental and modelling of competitive adsorption
Experimental and modelling of competitive adsorptio
Competitive adsorption of p-hydroxybenzoic acid and phenol on activated carbon : experimental study and modelling.
The competitive adsorption of phenol and p-hydroxybenzoic acid (4HBA) has been investigated on activated carbon (AC) for a wide range of concentrations under unbuffered conditions. The results show a preferential adsorption of 4HBA which can be explained by the lower solubility of 4HBA and the electrostatic interactions between the AC and the ionic form of the molecule in this range of pH. The Langmuir isotherm is found suitable to describe the single-component adsorptions, indicating a monolayer adsorption in accordance with the microporous nature of the AC. Then the empirical extended Langmuir model and the predictive Ideal Adsorption Solution Theory model have been compared for competitive adsorption. When using parameter values optimized for single pollutants, both models show rather poor agreement with mixture data. However after fitting the extended Langmuir parameters with the whole data set, better results can be obtained, showing that there is some peculiar behaviour of the mixture under oxic conditions, probably tied to the effect of 4HBA on the irreversible adsorption of phenol
Adsorption Competitive du Phenol et de l'Acide Phydroxy Benzoique sur Charbon Actif
Le traitement des rejets industriels constitue actuellement un problĂšme Ă©cologique majeur. Certains composĂ©s organiques, le plus souvent aromatiques de type phĂ©nols, prĂ©sents dans ces effluents industriels ne peuvent pas ĂȘtre traitĂ©s par les stations dâĂ©puration conventionnelles car leur toxicitĂ© perturbe le traitement par voie biologique. Un prĂ©traitement devient alors nĂ©cessaire conduisant au dĂ©veloppement de procĂ©dĂ©s variĂ©s dont le procĂ©dĂ© ADOX,
proposĂ© par le LGC Toulouse, basĂ© sur une adsorption sur charbon actif suivie dâune oxydation catalytique dĂ©polluante et rĂ©gĂ©nĂ©rant le charbon. Ce travail sâinscrit dans la premiĂšre Ă©tape dâadsorption de ces composĂ©s aromatiques sur charbon actif.
Les eaux industrielles contiennent en gĂ©nĂ©ral plusieurs composĂ©s organiques aromatiques. Or,la plupart des Ă©tudes relatives Ă lâadsorption sur charbon actif ont Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©es sur des eaux synthĂ©tiques Ă un seul constituant comme le phĂ©nol par exemple. Afin de nous rapprocher de
la composition dâeffluents rĂ©els et de quantifier la compĂ©tition dâadsorption entre diffĂ©rents composĂ©s dĂ©rivĂ©s, nous avons choisi dâĂ©tudier un mĂ©lange Ă deux constituants : le phĂ©nol etlâacide p-hydroxy benzoĂŻque.
Au cours de cette Ă©tude, les deux adsorptions sont dâabord Ă©tudiĂ©es sĂ©parĂ©ment. Nous avons obtenu les dynamiques dâadsorption Ă diffĂ©rentes concentrations, pour deux types de charbon actif et pour des diamĂštres de grains variables. A 298 K, ces deux constituants prĂ©sentent des dynamiques dâadsorption sensiblement diffĂ©rentes alors que leur structure chimique est proche. Lâadsorption du phĂ©nol atteint rapidement lâĂ©quilibre laissant supposer
une adsorption mono-couche, essentiellement limitĂ©e par la diffusion dans les pores, alors quelâacide p-hydroxy benzoĂŻque prĂ©sente une adsorption plus poussĂ©e avec une cinĂ©tique pluslente reflĂ©tant ainsi un mĂ©canique plus complexe.
Ces premiers rĂ©sultats nous ont permis dâestimer les coefficients de diffusion de chaque espĂšce et dâĂ©tablir les isothermes dâadsorption. Pour le phĂ©nol, selon le type de charbon,lâisotherme peut prĂ©senter un palier. En effet, Ă partir dâune certaine valeur de la concentration la quantitĂ© de phĂ©nol adsorbĂ© est maximale et le charbon est saturĂ©. Ce phĂ©nomĂšne a permis de montrer que le modĂšle de prĂ©vision de Langmuir est plus adaptĂ© que celui de Freundlich pour ce type de charbon.
Dans la seconde partie de cette Ă©tude, nous avons Ă©tudiĂ© plusieurs mĂ©langes dâacide phydroxy benzoĂŻque et de phĂ©nol. Nous avons choisi de mettre en Ă©vidence lâinfluence de la
prĂ©sence de lâacide p-hydroxy benzoĂŻque sur lâadsorption du phĂ©nol et sur lâadsorption totale.
Les rĂ©sultats obtenus ont montrĂ© lâimportance du phĂ©nomĂšne de compĂ©tition dâadsorption et ont confirmĂ© une diffĂ©rence de mĂ©canisme dâadsorption entre les deux composĂ©s aromatique
Etude de l'adsorption compétitive de composés organiques pour le traitement des eaux résiduaires industrielles par le procédé ADOX
La problĂ©matique des eaux contenant des composĂ©s peu biodĂ©gradables et rĂ©fractaires aux traitements oxydatifs conventionnels a conduit au dĂ©veloppement de procĂ©dĂ©s innovants. Parmi eux, le procĂ©dĂ© ADOX a dĂ©jĂ dĂ©montrĂ© ses potentialitĂ©s en terme de rĂ©acteur multifonctionnel. Ce procĂ©dĂ© couple dans un seul et mĂȘme contacteur, lâadsorption et lâoxydation catalytique. Le solide utilisĂ©, du charbon actif, joue successivement le rĂŽle de lâadsorbant Ă tempĂ©rature ambiante puis de catalyseur lors de la phase dâoxydation Ă haute pression et tempĂ©rature. Lors du cycle dâadsorption, le polluant cible se trouve en compĂ©tition avec les sous-produits de la rĂ©action dâoxydation. LâĂ©tude de cette adsorption compĂ©titive est prĂ©sentĂ©e ici avec deux approches : la premiĂšre est basĂ©e sur des essais en rĂ©acteur batch, la seconde est basĂ©e sur lâĂ©tude prĂ©dictive des Ă©quilibres dâadsorption par la thĂ©orie de la solution adsorbĂ©e idĂ©ale (IAST). Deux mĂ©langes binaires ont Ă©tĂ© choisis: un mĂ©lange d'acide para-hydroxy benzoĂŻque et de dimĂ©thyl phĂ©nol et un mĂ©lange d'acide para-hydroxy benzoĂŻque et de phĂ©nol. Pour chaque mĂ©lange binaire, diffĂ©rentes proportions molaires ont Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©es : proportions Ă©quimolaires (50%-50%) et non Ă©quimolaires (30%-70% et 70%-30%). Le charbon actif utilisĂ© est un adsorbant commercial granulaire de type micro-mesoporeux. Les solutions ont Ă©tĂ© analysĂ©es par HPLC/dĂ©tecteur UV. Les rĂ©sultats expĂ©rimentaux sur les cinĂ©tiques dâadsorption en mode compĂ©titif sont rapides, assimilables Ă un ordre 1 et tout Ă fait comparables aux comportements en corps purs. Les rĂ©sultats expĂ©rimentaux montrent que la capacitĂ© dâadsorption des molĂ©cules ayant une bonne affinitĂ© avec le charbon reste la mĂȘme, que cela soit en corps pur ou en mĂ©lange. Les groupements de surface semblent jouer ici un rĂŽle prĂ©pondĂ©rant. Sur certains mĂ©langes, une inversion de sĂ©lectivitĂ© est observĂ©e lorsque la proportion des deux composĂ©s dans le mĂ©lange est inversĂ©e, en particulier pour les eaux faiblement concentrĂ©es. La modĂ©lisation prĂ©dictive par le modĂšle IAST donne des rĂ©sultats en bon accord avec les expĂ©riences lorsque les mĂ©langes sont Ă©quimolaires. Dans le cas contraire, le modĂšle prĂ©voit de façon qualitative le comportement du mĂ©lange mais lâinversion de sĂ©lectivitĂ© constatĂ©e expĂ©rimentalement sur certains mĂ©langes non-Ă©quimolaires nâest pas trouvĂ©e par le modĂšle. Dans ces cas, les limites du modĂšle idĂ©al sont atteintes et, pour rendre compte des interactions entre les molĂ©cules, la thĂ©orie de la solution adsorbĂ©e rĂ©elle (RAST) devrait conduire Ă de meilleurs rĂ©sultats
Ătude d'un procĂ©dĂ© d'ozonation avancĂ©e sur zĂ©olithe pour le traitement d'effluents organiques gazeux
Le travail de la thÚse se focalise sur le traitement de l'air chargé en composés organiques volatils (COV) par un procédé d'ozonation avancée sur les zéolithes. Le procédé est basé sur la combinaison de deux techniques, utilisées de maniÚre séquentielle : l'adsorption des COV sur un lit de zéolithes puis la régénération du lit saturé par ozonation. Avant d'étudier leur performance sur l'adsorption puis l'ozonation, les zéolithes ont été caractérisées par l'adsorption à l azote, par spectroscopie Infra Rouge et par microscopie électronique. La concentration des sites acides de Lewis et de BrÞnsted ont également été quantifiées. Les interactions binaires entre le toluÚne et les zéolithes, puis entre l'ozone et les zéolithes sont étudiées. Les équilibres d'adsorption et les courbes de percées sur les différentes zéolithes sont déterminés expérimentalement, puis modélisés. La réactivité de l'ozone sur les zéolithes a été clarifiée, mettant en évidence la décomposition de l'ozone et la création d espÚces oxygénées oxydantes, adsorbées à la surface. L'influence de la concentration en sites acides de Lewis sur la décomposition de l ozone a été discutée. Enfin, la régénération des adsorbants chargés en COV par l'ozone gazeux a été réalisée. L'influence des propriétés des zéolithes et des conditions opératoires ont été étudiées.The PhD work focuses on the treatment of Organic Volatile Compound polluted air by an advanced ozonation process on hydrophobic zeolites. The process is based on two steps: gaseous pollutants are firstly adsorbed on zeolite bed; the second step is the regeneration of zeolites charged of COV by gaseous ozone. Firstly, zeolites are characterized by Nitrogen adsorption, analysis of Lewis and BrÞnsted acid sites, Infrared spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy. The adsorption equilibrium and breakthrough curve of toluene on different kind of zeolites are determined experimentally and modelled. The study of the reactivity of ozone on fresh zeolites shows that ozone is mainly decomposed on its surface and stable surface oxygenated species are produced. The latter can react with organic pollutant. The influence of Lewis acid site and operating conditions are discussed. Finally, the oxidation by ozone of toluene adsorbed on zeolites is realised. The comparison of zeolite structure and operating conditions (Air humidity, inlet ozone concentration) are carried out.TOULOUSE-INP (315552154) / SudocSudocFranceF
Effect of Salinity and PH on the industrial effluent treatment by activated carbon: modeling of the kinetic adsorption and equilibrium isotherms.
In recent years, interest has been focused on the removal of phenols from contaminated by using a variety of purification techniques. Adsorption of bio-industrial effluent on commercial activated carbon S23 was investigated at ambient conditions. In this wok, phenol and p-hydroxyl benzoic acid (PHBA) was studied as an example of the organic compounds present in the industrial effluent. The effect of temperature, pH, and the presence of inorganic salt NaCl on the pollutants adsorption were studied to give further comprehension of the optimal conditions of the organic compounds adsorption onto activated carbon. It was noted that the increase in temperature resulted in a decrease in phenols adsorption capacity by S23. Lower phenol adsorption was also observed at the solution pH 2 and 10, whereas, favourable adsorption was reached at neutral solution pH, and the coexisting inorganic salt NaCl exerts slightly positive effect on the adsorption process. The isotherms obtained at pH 2.2 and 3.5 (non-buffered solution) are very similar and showed a higher adsorption capacity compared with that obtained at pH 7 and 10 for PHBA which is more adsorbable than phenol. The kinetic of the adsorption processes can be better represented by the pseudo-second order. The results showed also that the total organic carbon (TOC) of the industrial effluent reduced for about 20 %. Freundlich, Langmuir and Jovanovic adsorption models were used for mathematical description of adsorption equilibrium of phenols. The results showed that the experimental data fitted very well to the Freundlich and Jovanovic model