Relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals for total mortality by categories of body mass index in non-Hispanic blacks.

a.<p>Subjects who did not have any prevalent cancer except non-melanoma skin cancer or heart disease at baseline.</p>b.<p>Per 100,000 person-years, directly standardized to the age distribution of the cohort according to sex.</p>c.<p>Adjusted for age, sex, education (less than high school, high school graduate, some college, and college graduate/postgraduate), marital status (married and not married), smoking status (never, former, current), time since quitting smoking (never, stopped ≥10 years ago, stopped 5–9 years ago, stopped 1–4 years ago, stopped <1 year ago, and currently smoking), number of cigarettes per day (0, 1–10, 11–20, 21–30, 31–40, 41–50, 51–60, and >60 cigarettes/day), physical activity (never/rare, ≤3 times/mo, and 1–2 and ≥3 times/wk), alcohol consumption (0, >0–<15, 15–<30, and ≥30 g/day) and menopausal hormone therapy use in women (never, ever). In analysis of men and women, sex was excluded from the list of covariates.</p>d.<p>Adjusted for same covariates as noted in footnote c, except smoking status, time since quitting, and number of cigarettes per day. In analysis of men and women separately, sex was excluded from the list of covariates.</p

Relative risk for total mortality in non-Hispanic black men and women^{a, b, c}.

<p>a. Subjects who did not have any prevalent cancer except non-melanoma skin cancer or heart disease at baseline b. Adjusted for age, education, marital status, smoking status, time since quitting smoking, number of cigarettes per day, physical activity, alcohol consumption, and menopausal hormone therapy use in women. Analysis of never smokers with no history of diseases at baseline was adjusted for same covariates except smoking status, time since quitting smoking, number of cigarettes per day. c. Men, 1,347 deaths in subjects with no history of disease and 288 deaths in never smokers with no history of diseases: Women, 1,262 deaths in subjects with no history of disease and 425 deaths in never smokers with no history of diseases.</p

Relative risk for total mortality per 5-unit increase in body mass index in non-Hispanic blacks, according to selected characteristics^{a, b, c}.

<p>a. Subjects who did not have any prevalent cancer except non-melanoma skin cancer or heart disease at baseline. b. Adjusted for following variables, except for the stratification variable in each analysis: age, sex, education, marital status, smoking status, time since quitting smoking, number of cigarettes per day, physical activity, alcohol consumption, and menopausal hormone therapy use in women. c. Markers indicate the relative risks and horizontal lines indicate 95% confidence intervals. d. Number of death; p value for interaction: 0.55 for sex, 0.50 for age at baseline, <0.001 for smoking, 0.75 for physical activity, 0.40 for education, and 0.13 for alcohol.</p

Relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals for cause-specific deaths in non-Hispanic black never smokers ^a.

a.<p>Never smokers who did not have any prevalent cancer except non-melanoma skin cancer or heart disease at baseline.</p>b.<p>Adjusted for age, sex, education (less than high school, high school graduate, some college, and college graduate/postgraduate), marital status (married and not married), physical activity (never/rare, ≤3 times/mo, and 1–2 and ≥3 times/wk), alcohol consumption (0, >0–<15, 15–<30, and ≥30 g/day) and menopausal hormone therapy use in women (never, ever).</p

Leisure time physical activity and hazard ratio of mortality and years of life gained after age 40.

<p>Years of life expectancy gained after age 40 were derived using direct adjusted survival curves <a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001335#pmed.1001335-Ghali1" target="_blank">[31]</a>,<a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001335#pmed.1001335-Makuch1" target="_blank">[32]</a> for participants who were 40+y of age at baseline (97.5% of participants).</p>a<p>HRs were calculated in models stratified by study that used age as the underlying time scale. Multivariable models were adjusted for gender, alcohol consumption (0, 0.1–14.9, 15.0–29.9, 30.0+ g/d), education (did not complete high school, completed high school, post-high-school training, some college, completed college), marital status (married, divorced, widowed, unmarried), history of heart disease, history of cancer, BMI (<18.5, 18.5–19.9, 20–22.4, 22.5–24.9, 25–27.4, 27.5–29.9, 30+ kg/m²), and smoking status (never, former, current).</p

Leisure time physical activity and multivariable hazard ratio of mortality, stratified by cohort.

<p>HRs (95% CIs) were calculated in models that used age as the underlying time scale. Multivariable models were adjusted for gender, alcohol consumption (0, 0.1–14.9, 15.0–29.9, 30.0+ g/d), education (did not complete high school, completed high school, post-high-school training, some college, completed college), marital status (married, divorced, widowed, unmarried), history of heart disease, history of cancer, BMI (<18.5, 18.5–19.9, 20–22.4, 22.5–24.9, 25–27.4, 27.5–29.9, 30+ kg/m²), and smoking status (never, former, current).</p>a<p>Meta-analysis estimates were calculated using DerSimonian and Laird random effects models <a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001335#pmed.1001335-DerSimonian1" target="_blank">[29]</a>, and statistical heterogeneity was assessed by the <i>I</i>² statistic <a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001335#pmed.1001335-Higgins1" target="_blank">[30]</a>.</p><p>AARP, NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study; ref, reference; USRT, U.S. Radiologic Technologists cohort; WHS, Women's Health Study; WLH, Women's Lifestyle and Health study.</p

Leisure time physical activity and multivariable hazard ratio of mortality and years of life gained after age 40 according to smoking and co-morbidity status.

<p>HRs were calculated in models stratified by study that used age as the underlying time scale. Multivariable models were adjusted for gender, alcohol consumption (0, 0.1–14.9, 15.0–29.9, 30.0+ g/d), education (did not complete high school, completed high school, post-high-school training, some college, completed college), marital status (married, divorced, widowed, unmarried), history of heart disease, history of cancer, BMI (<18.5, 18.5–19.9, 20–22.4, 22.5–24.9, 25–27.4, 27.5–29.9, 30+ kg/m²), and smoking status (never, former, current). If a covariate was a stratification variable for a particular model, then it was excluded from multivariable adjustment. Years of life expectancy gained after age 40 were derived using direct adjusted survival curves <a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001335#pmed.1001335-Ghali1" target="_blank">[31]</a>,<a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001335#pmed.1001335-Makuch1" target="_blank">[32]</a> for participants who were 40+ y of age at baseline (97.5% of participants).</p>a<p>Years of life expectancy gained after age 60. Cancer and/or heart disease were uncommon prior to this age in our dataset.</p>b<p>Participants who had never smoked and who had no history of heart disease or cancer.</p

Leisure time physical activity and multivariable hazard ratio of mortality and years of life gained after age 40 for all participants and according to gender and race/ethnicity.

<p>HRs were calculated in models stratified by study that used age as the underlying time scale. Multivariable models were adjusted for gender, alcohol consumption (0, 0.1–14.9, 15.0–29.9, 30.0+ g/d), education (did not complete high school, completed high school, post-high-school training, some college, completed college), marital status (married, divorced, widowed, unmarried), history of heart disease, history of cancer, BMI (<18.5, 18.5–19.9, 20–22.4, 22.5–24.9, 25–27.4, 27.5–29.9, 30+ kg/m²), and smoking status (never, former, current). If a covariate was a stratification variable for a particular model, then it was excluded from multivariable adjustment. Years of life expectancy gained after age 40 were derived using direct adjusted survival curves <a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001335#pmed.1001335-Ghali1" target="_blank">[31]</a>,<a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001335#pmed.1001335-Makuch1" target="_blank">[32]</a> for participants who were 40+y of age at baseline (97.5% of participants).</p

Leisure time physical activity level and hazard ratios for mortality and gains in life expectancy after age 40.

<p>The points shown represent the HR (A) or years of life gained (B) for each of the physical activity categories examined, and the vertical lines represent the 95% CIs for that physical activity category. The reference category for both (A) and (B) is 0.0 MET-h/wk of leisure time physical activity. The lines connecting the points help to illustrate the dose–response relationship between physical activity and risk of mortality; the shape of the association shown here is similar to that obtained using spline modeling (<a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001335#pmed.1001335.s001" target="_blank">Figure S1</a>). HRs were calculated in models stratified by study that used age as the underlying time scale. Multivariable models were adjusted for gender, alcohol consumption (0, 0.1–14.9, 15.0–29.9, 30.0+ g/d), education (did not complete high school, completed high school, post-high-school training, some college, completed college), marital status (married, divorced, widowed, unmarried), history of heart disease, history of cancer, BMI (<18.5, 18.5–19.9, 20–22.4, 22.5–24.9, 25–27.4, 27.5–29.9, 30+ kg/m²), and smoking status (never, former, current). Years of life expectancy gained after age 40 were derived using direct adjusted survival curves <a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001335#pmed.1001335-Ghali1" target="_blank">[31]</a>,<a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001335#pmed.1001335-Makuch1" target="_blank">[32]</a> for participants who were 40+ y of age at baseline (97.5% of participants).</p

Years of life expectancy lost after age 40 in relation to joint categories of physical activity level and body mass index.

<p>The bars indicate the number of years of life lost for each category, and the vertical lines are the 95% CIs. The reference category is normal weight and 7.5+ MET-h/wk of physical activity (i.e., meeting US recommended physical activity levels). Normal weight is a BMI of 18.5–24.9 kg/m², overweight is a BMI of 25.0–29.9 kg/m², obese class I is a BMI of 30.0–34.9 kg/m², and obese class II+ is a BMI of 35.0 kg/m² or greater. Years of life expectancy lost after age 40 were derived using direct adjusted survival curves <a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001335#pmed.1001335-Ghali1" target="_blank">[31]</a>,<a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001335#pmed.1001335-Makuch1" target="_blank">[32]</a> for participants who were 40+ y of age at baseline and not underweight (96.5% of participants). Life expectancy models used age as the underlying time scale and were adjusted for gender, alcohol consumption (0, 0.1–14.9, 15.0–29.9, 30.0+ g/d), education (did not complete high school, completed high school, post-high-school training, some college, completed college), marital status (married, divorced, widowed, unmarried), history of heart disease, history of cancer, and smoking status (never, former, current).</p