Why swimming is just as difficult as dying for japanese learners of english

While both Japanese and English have a grammatic al form denoting the progressive, the two forms (te-iru & be+ing) interact differently with the inherent semantics of the verb to which they attach (Kindaichi, 1950; McClure, 1995; Shirai, 2000). Japanese change of state verbs are incompatible with a progressive interpretation, allowing only a resultative interpretation of V+ te-iru, while a progressive interpretation is preferred for activity predicates. English be+ing denotes a progressive interpretation regardless of the lexical semantics of the verb. The question that arises is how we can account for the fact that change of state verbs like dying can denote a progressive interpretation in English, but not in Japanese. While researchers such as Kageyama (1996) and Ogihara (1998, 1999) propose that the difference lies in the lexical semantics of the verbs themselves, others such as McClure (1995) have argued that the difference lies in the semantics of the grammatical forms, be+ing and te-iru. We present results from an experimental study of Japanese learners’ interpretation of the English progressive which provide support for McClure’s proposal. Results indicate that independent of verb type, learners had significantly more difficulty with the past progressive. We argue that knowledge of L2 semantics-syntax correspondences proceeds not on the basis of L1 lexical semantic knowledge, but on the basis of grammatical forms

Influence of Water Depth on the Rate of Expansion of Giant Cutgrass Populations and Management Implications

Giant cutgrass ( Zizaniopsis miliacea (Michx.) Doell. & Asch.), a tall emergent grass native to the southeastern United States, was studied in Lake Seminole where it formed large expanding stands, and Lake Alice where it was confined to a stable narrow fringe

Challenging US Country of Origin Labelling at the World Trade Organization: The Law, The Issues and The Evidence

Canada and Mexico are formally challenging US country of origin (COOL) legislation at the World Trade Organization. The industries most affected by COOL are beef and pork. The effect of COOL on North American cross border supply chains is outlined. The areas of international trade law upon which a challenge could be mounted are explained and the key issues that a disputes panel would have to determine indicated. The nature of the evidence that may be required to bolster Canada’s case is outlined.country of origin, marks of origin, protectionism, Technical Barriers to Trade, supply chains, WTO, Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, Demand and Price Analysis, International Relations/Trade, Marketing,

Challenging US Country of Origin Labelling at the WTO: The Law, the Issues and the Evidence

COOL, WTO, labelling, despite, Agricultural and Food Policy, International Relations/Trade,

The Distributional Effects of the Tax Treatment of Child Care Expenses

Tax relief for child care expenses, encompassing the Child Care Tax Credit and Dependent Care Assistance Plans, is the largest federal government program in the United States aimed at helping families with child care. We examine the distributional effects of these policies among families with children using both the National Child Care Survey and tax return data. Among families that use tax relief, the benefits average 1.24 percent of family income. Benefits as a percentage of income vary systematically over the income distribution. Despite being regressive at low income levels (mainly due to the credit being non-refundable), tax relief is progressively distributed over most of the income distribution with the ratio of benefits to income falling above the bottom quintile of the income distribution. The benefits of tax relief also vary among families with the same income depending on a family's structure and its labor market and child care choices.

Electrochemistry of ferrocenylphosphines FcCH₂PR₂ (Fc=(η⁵-C₅H₅)Fe(η⁵-C₅H₄); R=Ph, CH₂OH and CH₂CH₂CN), and some phosphine oxide, phosphine sulfide, phosphonium and metal complex derivatives

Electrochemical studies of the free ferrocenylphosphine ligands FcCH₂PR₂ (Fc=(η⁵-C₅H₅)Fe(η⁵-C₅H₄); R=Ph, CH₂OH and CH₂CH₂CN) and some phosphine oxide, phosphine sulfide, phosphonium and metal derivatives are described. The free ligands exhibit complex voltammetric responses due to participation of the phosphorus lone pair in the redox reactions. Uncomplicated ferrocene-based redox chemistry is observed for PV derivatives and when the ligands are coordinated in complexes cis-PtCl₂[FcCH₂P(CH₂OH)₂], PdCl₂[FcCH₂P(CH₂OH)₂], [Au{FcCH₂P(CH₂OH)₂}₂]Cl, RuCl₂(η⁶-C₁₀H₁₄)[FcCH₂P(CH₂OH)₂] and RuCl₂(η⁶-C₁₀H₁₄)(FcCH₂PPh₂). The reaction pathways of the free ligands after one-electron oxidation have been examined in detail using voltammetry, NMR spectroscopy and electrospray mass spectrometry. Direct evidence for formation of a P---P bonded product is presented

Reducing bias and quantifying uncertainty in watershed flux estimates: the R package loadflex

Many ecological insights into the function of rivers and watersheds emerge from quantifying the flux of solutes or suspended materials in rivers. Numerous methods for flux estimation have been described, and each has its strengths and weaknesses. Currently, the largest practical challenges in flux estimation are to select among these methods and to implement or apply whichever method is chosen. To ease this process of method selection and application, we have written an R software package called loadflex that implements several of the most popular methods for flux estimation, including regressions, interpolations, and the special case of interpolation known as the period-weighted approach. Our package also implements a lesser-known and empirically promising approach called the “composite method,” to which we have added an algorithm for estimating prediction uncertainty. Here we describe the structure and key features of loadflex, with a special emphasis on the rationale and details of our composite method implementation. We then demonstrate the use of loadflex by fitting four different models to nitrate data from the Lamprey River in southeastern New Hampshire, where two large floods in 2006–2007 are hypothesized to have driven a long-term shift in nitrate concentrations and fluxes from the watershed. The models each give believable estimates, and yet they yield different answers for whether and how the floods altered nitrate loads. In general, the best modeling approach for each new dataset will depend on the specific site and solute of interest, and researchers need to make an informed choice among the many possible models. Our package addresses this need by making it simple to apply and compare multiple load estimation models, ultimately allowing researchers to estimate riverine concentrations and fluxes with greater ease and accuracy