How Delivery of Goods without Tendering of Bill of Lading Can Discharge Liability of Maritime Carrier

This paper tends to clarify implications of delivery of goods performed by a maritime carrier to a consignee at the place of destination; particularly, a delivery made without receiving the original bill of lading in exchange for the goods delivered to the consignee. In spite of the importance of such delivery, none of the related international conventions has addressed the implications of such a delivery for the liability of the maritime carrier. This gap has given rise to inconsistency between the approaches adopted by various jurisdictions worldwide, and such a divergence will contradict the fundamental international principle of unifying the international maritime rules. Hence, the study is discussing the area of ambiguity under both the English and the Qatari law to reach some suggestions that could be adopted under both jurisdictions to clarify the legal position of maritime carriers as well as to protect them from liability arising under this delivery

Right of Issuing Bank to be Subrogated to the Applicant of Letter of Credit Under the Insurance Contracts

This article discusses the case where the efforts of the issuing bank prove futile to recovering the payment - paid to the beneficiary - from the applicant of the letter of credit. In particular, when the sold goods - the subject matter of the letter of credit - received damaged or lost. This scenario is envisaged when the applicant refuses to make the payment imposed under the letter of credit. The necessity of discussing this matter is to clarify whether or not the issuing bank can be subrogated to the beneficiary’s rights acquired under insurance contract. The analysis will focus on the English law and Uniform Customs & Practice for Documentary Credits (UCP600), in order to illuminate the legal grounds on which the issuing bank can stand so as to enjoy such rights, through which the paid fund can be reimbursed

How Delivery of Goods without Tendering of Bill of Lading Can Discharge Liability of Maritime Carrier

This paper tends to clarify implications of delivery of goods performed by a maritime carrier to a consignee at the place of destination; particularly, a delivery made without receiving the original bill of lading in exchange for the goods delivered to the consignee. In spite of the importance of such delivery, none of the related international conventions has addressed the implications of such a delivery for the liability of the maritime carrier. This gap has given rise to inconsistency between the approaches adopted by various jurisdictions worldwide, and such a divergence will contradict the fundamental international principle of unifying the international maritime rules. Hence, the study is discussing the area of ambiguity under both the English and the Qatari law to reach some suggestions that could be adopted under both jurisdictions to clarify the legal position of maritime carriers as well as to protect them from liability arising under this delivery

The Relationship between Seaworthiness and the Duty of Disclosure under the Marine Insurance Contract: An Analysis of UAE, US and English Law

This article examines the influence of seaworthiness of ship on the contract of marine insurance. Through the discussion the author will thoroughly analyse the relevant provisions of English, US and UAE Law. The article will start with an introduction on the seaworthiness of vessel and then, the obligation of seaworthiness of ship that will be examined under the rules of the contract of carriage of goods by sea. The examination in this part will be dedicated to the relevant rules of contract of carriage of goods by sea under English law which adopts the Hague-Visby Rules and US law that has been based on the Hague Rules. The discussion will also embrace the relevant provisions of the UAE law. In the next title of this article the author will analyse the rules of disclosure obligation imposed under contract of marine insurance. The analysis under this title will further be devoted to the rules of the contract of marine insurance under the aforementioned jurisdictions. The analysis of the rules of disclosure obligation is undertaken in this article because of the role of this obligation as a point connects contract of carriage of goods by sea with contract of marine insurance. This connection can clearly be identified through obligation of seaworthiness of ship, which is imposed upon the assured under the contract of marine insurance. In the end of this article, the author concluded with some recommendations suggested to be adopted by UAE legislator. These suggestions aiming to harmonise the UAE law with the worldwide and most applicable rules in the maritime insurance industry

How Does COVID-19 Affect Marine Insurance Cover Through the Requirement of Seaworthiness?

    This paper addresses the legal implications of COVID-19 upon the procurement of marine cargo insurance cover. It clarifies the relationship between warranty of seaworthiness and duty of disclosure, both of which are imposed upon the insured cargo owner under contract of marine insurance. The paper discusses the effect of COVID-19 that the insured cargo owner may invoke to rebut the allegation of not satisfying the duty of disclosure in terms of the seaworthiness of a vessel, which may deprive the insured cargo owner of compensation. The study deploys qualitative and black letter approaches by analysing English and US law, and the relevant international documents. The authors suggest that US law should adopt the same approach as English law, so that the insured cargo owner will not be forced to prove the relation between the restrictions imposed under COVID-19 and its failure to disclose material facts related to seaworthiness

Legal and Regulatory Framework for Monitoring Online Stores

This study has been an attempt to find a legal and regulatory framework to monitor online stores under Jordanian legislation. The need for such a framework has become even more urgent, especially after the COVID-19 pandemic that has adversely affected traditional trade, and contributed to the increase in commercial transactions concluded via the internet. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the essence of the online store and the extent to which owners of such online stores can be subjected to the same obligations of the traditional merchant. This is to enable the relevant authorities to regulate the activities of the online store and these regulations will have to be consistent with the provisions of the country’s legal framework. The present study has also identified the key challenges encountered by online stores when carrying out their activities. In conclusion, the study has proposed some suggestions which were based on existing legislations regulating electronic commercial transactions. These suggestions were aimed at harmonizing the legislations of developing countries with the existing international legal rules regulating online stores

مدى إمكانية تنظيم أحكام سند الشحن البحري الإلكتروني في القانون الأردني: دراسة مقارنة

الأهداف: هدفت الدراسة إلى بيان مدى إمكانية تنظيم أحكام سند الشحن الإلكتروني في التشريع الأردني، ومدى حجية سند الشحن الإلكتروني في الإثبات، وإلى بيان مواطن التناقض بين الأحكام العامة لسند الشحن في نصوص القانون الأردني ومعاهدة هامبورغ. كما تهدف إلى التعرف إلى مدى إمكانية المشرع الأردني من موائمة أحكام معاهدة روتردام للنقل البحري، وقواعد بوليرو لتنظيم أحكام سند الشحن الإلكتروني ضمن المنظومة التشريعية الأردنية. المنهجية: تم اتباع المنهجين الإستقرائي والتحليلي المقارن؛ من خلال استعراض وتحليل نصوص الوثائق الدولية والقوانين الأردنية -ذات العلاقة- وإجراء المقارنة فيما بينها. إضافةً إلى تحليل أحكام المحاكم التي نظرت في نزاعات سندات الشحن التقليدية والإلكترونية. النتائج: توصلت الدراسة إلى عدم قيام المشرع الأردني بتنظيم أحكام خاصة بسند الشحن الإلكتروني، وإلى ضرورة تعديل نص المادة 13 من قانون البينات الأردني؛ لإضفاء الحجية على سند الشحن الإلكتروني. وتبين أن هنالك حاجة لموائمة قانون المعاملات الإلكترونية مع أحكام المادة 13 من اتفاقية هامبورغ. وأكدت النتائج تخصص وشمولية الأحكام التي أضفتها قواعد روتردام لسنة 2008 بمعالجتها للجوانب العملية المتعلقة بتداول سجل النقل الإلكتروني وبيانها حجية سند الشحن الإلكتروني في إثبات عمليات التداول الواردة عليه؛ كما في قواعد بوليرو. الخلاصة: توصي الدراسة بأن يتولى المشرع الأردني مسألة تعديل نصوص قانون المعاملات الإلكترونية الأردني، وإزالة بعض مظاهر اللبس الحاصل حول أحكام المادة 12. كما أوصت عى أهمية تعديل نص المادة 13 من قانون البينات ونص المادة 18 من قانون المعاملات الإلكترونية بما يتماشى مع خصوصية سند الشحن الإلكتروني الواردة في الوثائق الدولي