THE CHARACTERISTICS OF ENGLISH ADVERTISEMENTS CREATED BY STUDENTS OF BUSINESS ENGLISH CLASS AT PGRI UNIVERSITY SEMARANG. LEMBAGA PENELITIAN DAN PENGABDIAN PADA MASYARAKAT, UNIVERSITAS PGRI SEMARANG

This study investigates the characteristics of English advertisements created by the students of Business English Class at the University of PGRI Semarang. There were 25 students taken as the sample since they had been trained how to analyse and make English advertisement. At the end of the training session, 60 pictures of educational, tourism, and health products were distributed and the students were asked to create their own advertisement under each picture. There were only 30advertisement texts eligible for further analysis. The analysis was done to its lexical aspects, syntactical features as well as its rhetorical devices. The results show that most of the students were able to make their own advertisement texts but most of the words are verb and noun (90%), simple sentence (93%), and only 2 out of 30 advertisement (6.6%) used rhetorical devices. They need more time to practice writing informative and attractive advertisement text. Thus, for the next class session, it is recommended that the lesson materials in the Business English shouldbe divided into two mainstreams: Business Writing and Business Advertisement and each mainstream should be taught for 7 class sessions. By having such division, the students will have an ample time to do some advertisement-text practices

Tillage-induced soil nitrous oxide fluxes from tow soils in the Manawatu : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Applied Science in Agricultural Engineering, Institute of Technology and Engineering, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand

Enhanced greenhouse gas emissions of nitrous oxide (N₂O) induced by agricultural practices is believed to be the major anthropogenic source. Studies conducted in New Zealand generally from pasture suggest low N₂O emission, however, there is little information for arable farming systems. Therefore, there is a need for a site-specific assessment of the impact of tillage practices on N₂O fluxes. This paper evaluates tillage system and land use effects on N₂O emissions at two sites using a closed chamber technique. Sites included a Kairanga silt loam where maize/barley was grown continuously for either 17 (K17) or 34 (K34) years, with a conventional tillage system (Kairanga), and an Ohakea silt loam where winter oats and summer fodder maize was double-cropped for five years with conventional (CT) and no-tillage (NT) systems (Massey). At both sites permanent pasture (PP) soil was used as a control. Spatial measurements for all treatments at Massey site showed large inherent variations in N₂O fluxes (a mean CV=119%) which reflected natural soil heterogeneity, and perhaps the measurement technique used rather than the real differences due to the tillage and cropping systems evaluated. N₂O emissions measured from December 1998 to September 1999 from the PP were significantly lower (1.66 kg N₂O-N/ha/year) than the CT and NT plots at 9.20 and 12.00 kg N₂O-N/ha/year respectively. However, there were no differences in N₂O emission rates between the CT and NT treatments. Cumulative coefficient of variation (CV) of treatments ranged from 39 to 140%. Seedbed preparation using power-harrow which was done within few days of ploughing the CT plots reduced N₂O emissions by 65% within the first hour after power-harrowing. However. N₂O emission rates returned to the pre-power harrowing levels one month after power-harrowing. There was strong relationship between log-transformed values of soil moisture content (SMC) and N₂O emissions in all treatments. PP (r = 0.73), CT (r = 0.75) and NT (r = 0.86). Seasonal variation in N₂O emission from the PP was in the order of winter=autumn>summer. Although fluxes in the CT were higher in winter than in the autumn season, there were no differences between the summer and autumn data. Similar to the PP. the seasonal variations in N₂O emission in the NT treatment were in the order of winter>autumn=summer. The estimated annual N₂O emissions from the PP. K17 and K34 (calculated as the mean of all individual closed cover chamber measurements between November 1998 and September 1999) from Kairanga site were similar at 3.24, 3.42 and 2.37 kg N₂O-N/ha/year, respectively. There were large variations in N₂O emissions during the year with the mean flux rates ranging from 0.175 to 13.32, 0.175 to 16.91 and 0.088 to 30.05 kg N₂O-N/ha/year in the PP, K17 and K34 fields, respectively. Although overall comparison of treatment means did not show any discernible differences between management practices, there were signs that the K34 had lower emissions compared to the PP. N₂O fluxes from the K17 and PP field appeared to be influenced by SMC. There is clear indication that low or negligible emissions occur when gravimetric soil water content is less than 30% in the PP. Although N₂O fluxes did not follow the rainfall patterns in the K17 and PP, linear regression analyses indicated low but significant relationship r = 0.46 and 0.53 (0.72 when log-transformed), respectively. In the K34 field. SMC did not seem to govern fluxes which were especially apparent during wet months of April and May. The linear regression analysis using the measured data revealed no relationship (r = 0.12) between the SMC and N₂O fluxes in the K34 treatment. Seasonal grouping of monthly log-transformed N₂O emissions showed significant differences in all treatments. Summer season N₂O emissions in the PP were the lowest than other seasons whereas no discernible differences were observed among other seasons. Although N₂O fluxes during spring and summer were similar in the K17 field, they were significantly lower than the winter and higher than autumn fluxes. There were considerably higher emissions in summer than in autumn in the K34 but seasonal variation between winter and spring was less profound. Spatial variability in N₂O fluxes was large during the year with coefficients of variation (CV) ranging from 10 to 82%, 12 to 99% and 9 to 137% for the PP, K17 and K34 fields, respectively

Compositional structures in mural design : towards a site-specific deconstructive mural methodology

A thesis submitted to the University of Bedfordshire in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)Murals have been the formal visual interpretation of the cultural, social and political life of all ages. Throughout they have been consistently combined with their architectural setting, for example, in ancient Egyptian tombs, in Renaissance churches and on the external walls of buildings in Mexico in the twentieth century. This is a central feature of mural painting. However many contemporary murals do not integrate with their architectural settings, in other words, do not fulfil the site-specificity of the architectural spaces for which they were made. This means that the most important aspect that distinguishes murals from other types of painting is absent. I studied and analysed a number of murals produced in the Italian Renaissance, Baroque and Rococo as this particular period is considered to be not only one of the most significant in the history of art but also a period in which painting and architecture were very closely allied as practices. In particular the radical developments in painting of pictorial space took place along side the developments in architecture. I argue that Renaissance murals could be described, using the terminology of contemporary art, as site-specific art. By identifying the relationship between pictorial space, architectural space and compositional structure I was able to test, through my own practice, the importance of these relationships in understanding the site-specificity of the compositional structure of murals. To address the issue of sitespecificity in murals, I investigated and developed a set of compositional structures through my mural practice that could be applied in the design, execution, and teaching of contemporary mural design. I have developed the notion of a deconstructive method of mural design in which the illusory space of the mural derives its compositional structure from the architectural space in which it sited. I have applied it, tested it and refined it through the execution of a number of hypothetical and live mural commissions. I believe that the approach to the study and practice of mural design I have developed from the perspective of a practice lead researcher contributes to the furtherance of mural design as both a profession and field of study. In particular the identification of compositional structures in mural design and the proposal of a deconstructive method contributes to our understanding of what a mural is as well as current notions of site-specificity in contemporary art

Country Study: Uzbekistan

human development, human rights

THE DEVELOPING OF COMMUNICATIVE LANGUAGE TEACHING ON THE SPEAKING SKILL OF STMIK ROYAL STUDENTS

Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) is to advocate the teaching practices that develop learners’ abilities to communicate in a second language. It represents a change of focus on the language teaching from the  learners’ need for developing communication skills. It aims to make the students more actively in English  speaking at STMIK Royal Kisaran. Here, the lecturer give the motivation and suggestions to the students’ communication. It used the qualitative reserch design which the researcher used the description to answer the gaps of this research. The subjects are taken based on the randomese technique to get the results and they are only 25 students. the researcher gave some small hot topics, they can communicate and give good respons Most of the students are able to communicate in English even though it is a little or step by step. They can make small communication because the CLT makes communicate to their friends in English. Besides they can speak English, they are so comfortable in the CLT method in English Teaching.   &nbsp

MEDIASI PENAL SEBAGAI ALTERNATIF PENYELESAIAN PERKARA PADA TINDAK PIDANA KECELAKAAN LALU LINTAS YANG MENGALAMI KERUGIAN MATERIAL (STUDI DI POLRES JEMBER)

Abstract Research about implementation of penal mediation in traffic accident which caused a material loss by Jember Resort Police is supposed to know the mechanism of penal mediation and to analyze the obstacles in implementing it. The method used was empirical law research. Results of research are penal mediation was implemented in several steps, they are: can be used in a traffic accident which caused a material loss and minor physical injuries, there is an agreement between parties and a statement that they will not demand each other for the case, and investigator doing a case discussion about that case. The obstacles in implementing the penal mediation are: a) intern factors, such as: the investigator hesitates in implementing the penal mediation due to a lack of umbrella act and Standar Operating Procedure and there is no common understanding of the investigators; b) extern factors, such as: victim doesn’t want to solve the case and agreement between parties is not achieved, and also the suspect isn’t cooperative. Key words: penal mediation, traffic accident, material loss, alternative penal settlement   Abstrak Penelitian mengenai mediasi penal pada kecelakaan lalu lintas yang mengalami kerugian material oleh Polres Jember bertujuan untuk mengetahui mekanisme mediasi penal serta hambatan yang dihadapi dalam pelaksanaannya. Metode yang digunakan adalah yuridis empiris atau penelitian lapangan. Hasil penelitian sebagai berikut: Mekanisme mediasi penal dilakukan sebagai berikut: dapat dilakukan pada perkara kecelakaan lalu lintas dengan kerugian material dan luka fisik ringan, adanya kesepakatan bersama kedua pihak, adanya pernyataan tidak menuntut dari korban, dan penyidik melakukan gelar perkara terhadap kasus yang telah diselesaikan melalui mediasi penal tersebut. Sedangkan hambatannya antara lain: a) faktor internal, yakni: penyidik ragu menerapkan mediasi penal karena belum ada payung hukum serta SOP serta belum ada pemahaman yang sama terkait penerapan mediasi penal; b) faktor eksternal, yakni: korban tidak bersedia dilakukan mediasi penal, tersangka tidak kooperatif, dan tidak tercapainya kesepakatan para pihak.   Kata kunci: mediasi penal, kecelakaan lalu lintas, kerugian material, alternatif penyelesaian perkar