Tobacco Consumption Among HIV-Positive Respondents: Findings From the Third Round of the National Family Health Survey

Introduction:HIV-positive people are often more susceptible to illnesses associated with smoking, for example, cardiovascular disease, than those in the general population. The purpose of this article is to examine the association between tobacco use and HIV-status in India.Methods:This article analyzed data from the National Family Health Survey III, which provides a representative sample of the Indian population. Patterns in tobacco consumption among HIV-positive and negative respondents were assessed through logistic and ordinal regression models. Associations between smoking, asthma, and tuberculosis were examined through bivariate logistic regressions.Results:A greater percentage of male HIV-positive participants (68%) reported current tobacco use in comparison to male HIV-negative respondents (58%) and female HIV-positive (12%) and negative (11%) participants. Multivariable logistic regression analyses revealed that there was a positive correlation between male respondents’ HIV-status and their propensity to use tobacco (odds ratio [OR] = 1.48, confidence interval [CI] = 1.05–2.1, P < .05) when controlled for extraneous variables. Results from ordinal regression analyses illustrated that male HIV-positive respondents had a twofold increased OR of smoking 20 or more cigarettes (OR = 2.1, CI = 1.4–3.2, P < .005). Finally, there was a positive association between being HIV-infected (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 4.6, CI = 2.02–10.6, P < .005), smoking 15–19 cigarettes (AOR = 2.11, CI = 1.1–4.1, P < .05) and male participants’ TB-status.Conclusions:Results in this article suggest HIV-positive men in India were not only significantly more likely to consume tobacco, but they also smoked a higher number of cigarettes compared to their HIV-negative counterparts. This is a cause for concern as our analyses revealed a possible association between the number of cigarettes smoked and TB-status.Implications:This article contributes to knowledge on the intertwining epidemics of HIV and smoking through using cross-sectional data from the National Family Survey III to demonstrate that HIV-positive men in India display patterns of tobacco consumption which differs to that of HIV-negative men. These findings could have strong implications for long-term treatment of HIV-positive patients as smoking has been proven to increase the likelihood of contracting HIV-related illnesses.</p

Tobacco Consumption Among HIV-Positive Respondents: Findings From the Third Round of the National Family Health Survey

Introduction:HIV-positive people are often more susceptible to illnesses associated with smoking, for example, cardiovascular disease, than those in the general population. The purpose of this article is to examine the association between tobacco use and HIV-status in India.Methods:This article analyzed data from the National Family Health Survey III, which provides a representative sample of the Indian population. Patterns in tobacco consumption among HIV-positive and negative respondents were assessed through logistic and ordinal regression models. Associations between smoking, asthma, and tuberculosis were examined through bivariate logistic regressions.Results:A greater percentage of male HIV-positive participants (68%) reported current tobacco use in comparison to male HIV-negative respondents (58%) and female HIV-positive (12%) and negative (11%) participants. Multivariable logistic regression analyses revealed that there was a positive correlation between male respondents’ HIV-status and their propensity to use tobacco (odds ratio [OR] = 1.48, confidence interval [CI] = 1.05–2.1, P < .05) when controlled for extraneous variables. Results from ordinal regression analyses illustrated that male HIV-positive respondents had a twofold increased OR of smoking 20 or more cigarettes (OR = 2.1, CI = 1.4–3.2, P < .005). Finally, there was a positive association between being HIV-infected (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 4.6, CI = 2.02–10.6, P < .005), smoking 15–19 cigarettes (AOR = 2.11, CI = 1.1–4.1, P < .05) and male participants’ TB-status.Conclusions:Results in this article suggest HIV-positive men in India were not only significantly more likely to consume tobacco, but they also smoked a higher number of cigarettes compared to their HIV-negative counterparts. This is a cause for concern as our analyses revealed a possible association between the number of cigarettes smoked and TB-status.Implications:This article contributes to knowledge on the intertwining epidemics of HIV and smoking through using cross-sectional data from the National Family Survey III to demonstrate that HIV-positive men in India display patterns of tobacco consumption which differs to that of HIV-negative men. These findings could have strong implications for long-term treatment of HIV-positive patients as smoking has been proven to increase the likelihood of contracting HIV-related illnesses.</p

Additional file 1 of Enhancing medication risk communication in developing countries: a cross-sectional survey among doctors and pharmacists in Malaysia

Additional file 1. Content Validity Index calculation

Drug Use Prior to Detention (n = 100).

<p>Drug Use Prior to Detention (n = 100).</p

Participant Characteristics (n = 100).^*

*<p>Where mean (SD) is not indicated, results presented represent both n and % as 100 participants answered all questions resulting in no missing data.</p

The compartmental HCV disease progression model.

<p>The compartmental HCV disease progression model.</p

Projected HCV-related disease burden in DALYs/year, over the period 1960–2039.

<p>Three historical incidence scenarios are compared (1-B, 2-B, and 3-B), with current treatment uptake and SVR rates assumed to apply to the year 2014 onwards.</p

Additional file 1: of The association between psychosocial and structural-level stressors and HIV injection drug risk behavior among Malaysian fishermen: A cross-sectional study

Waves_dataset. (DTA 4047 kb

Projections of HCV-related disease outcomes for Scenario 1-B, over the period 1960–2039.

<p>Projected incidence and prevalence are shown in the upper and lower panels, respectively.</p

Mosaic structures of unique recombinant forms (URF) among men who have sex with men (MSM).

<p>The closely related putative parental strains for each URF were determined by similarity plot. The bootscan plots of <i>pro-rt</i> gene (HXB2∶2253–3275) with window size of 300 bp and step size of 30 bp illustrate the relationship of Malaysian URF to the reference strains of HIV-1 subtype B of western origin, CRF01_AE, subtype C and subtype A. The recombination breakpoint(s) in relation to HXB2 coordinates are indicated in the inset.</p