Obstacles for optimal tuberculosis case detection in primary health centers (PHC) in Sidoarjo district, East Java, Indonesia

Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is a major health problem worldwide. Detection of the most infectious cases of tuberculosis - sputum smear-positive pulmonary cases - by passive case finding is an essential component of TB control. The district of Sidoarjo in East Java reported a low case detection rate (CDR) of 14% in 2003. We evaluated the diagnostic process for TB in primary health care centers (PHC) in Sidoarjo district to assess whether problems in identification of TB suspects or in diagnosing TB patients can explain the low CDR. We performed interviews with the staff (general nurse, TB worker, laboratory technician, and head of health center) of the 25 PHCs of Sidoarjo district to obtain information about the knowledge of TB, health education practices, and availability of support services for TB diagnosis. The quality of the laboratory diagnosis was examined by providing 10 slides with a known result to the laboratory technicians for re-examination. Eighty percent of the nurses and 84% of the TB workers knew that cough >3 weeks can be a symptom of TB. Only 40% of the nurses knew the cause of TB, few could mention complications of TB and none could mention the duration of infectiousness after start of treatment. Knowledge of TB workers was much better. Information about how to produce a good sputum sample was provided to TB suspects by 76% of the nurses and 84% of the TB workers. Only few provided all information. Fifty-five percent of the 11 laboratory technicians correctly identified all positive slides as positive and 45% correctly identified 100% of the negative slides as negative. All TB workers, one general nurses and 32% of the laboratory technicians had received specific training in TB control. There has been no shortage of TB forms and laboratory materials in 96% of the PHCs. The quality of the diagnostic process for TB at PHC in Sidoarjo district should be improved on all levels. Training in TB control of all general nurses and the laboratory technicians that have not received training would be a good first step to enhance diagnosis of TB and to improve the case detection rat

Penentuan Unsur Tanah Jarang Kelompok Sedang secara Voltammetri Pindai Linier Menggunakan Elektrode Grafit Pensil

Rare earth elements play an important role in a variety of applications, mostly for high-tech industries. But their presence in mineral jointly separation makes it difficult to determine the content of rare earths because each element has physical and chemical properties are almost identical. The purpose of this study is the use of a linear scan voltammetry method to study the electrochemical characteristics of the medium rare earth element group (Sm, Gd, Eu, Tb), as an alternative method of separation and analysis of rare earth elements. The electrode used is a graphite pencil electrodes without modification, with a variety of supporting electrolyte. The results obtained show some supporting electrolyte provides good reduction peak for gadolinium, compared to the peaks of the reduction potential of the single rare earth ions other. The potential range of the most well using pencil graphite electrode obtained at 0.50 V to -1.00 V. Analysis of single gadolinium provide linear regression equation in a concentration range of 4.0 to 10.0 mg/L by the equation Y = 0.9862 X + 0.828 with R2 = 0.9954. The limit of detection is determined from the linear regression obtained 0.72 mg / L

TEACHING WRITING RECOUNT TEXT USING RECEIPTS AS MEDIA OF THE EIGHTH GRADE STUDENTS

This study was purposed to describe the implementaion of teaching writing recount text by using receipts and to describe students’ cognitive responds in writing recount text by using receipts as media. This study was quantitative research and used experimental method. The quasi experimental was used as the research design and test was the instrument. The students of the eighth grade of SMP Negeri 5 Sidoarjo were as the sample. The number of students in this study was 66 people that 33 people were experimental class students and 33 people were as controlled class students.  The SPSS 20 was used to calculate the data. It was proven that sig.2 tailed (p) was for the test of hypothesis proved that sig. 2 tailed (p) was 0.049 while alpha (α) was 0.05. In other words, p &lt; α. It meant that the Ho (Null Hypothesis) was denied and Ha (Alternative Hypothesis) was allowed. It was proven that it had a positive effect of using receipts to students’ writing skill of recount text. Moreover, the result of Cohen’s formulation calculation proved the effect size of receipts result was 0.49. It can be concluded that the effect of this treatment was modest effect. </jats:p