34 research outputs found

    Comunidade de invertebrados aquáticos como ferramenta para avaliar o efeito do uso da terra sobre riachos da Amazônia Oriental, Brasil /

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    Land use is the main threat to biodiversity and natural ecosystems, especially in the tropics, where original vegetation has been replaced by agricultural crops to meet global demand for food. Understanding ecosystem dynamics in landscapes dominated by agriculture is critical to implementation of conservation measures. The aim of the present thesis was to evaluate effects of land use on low-order streams in the eastern Amazon using variations in taxonomic and functional structure of aquatic invertebrate communities. For better understanding, this thesis was divided into three chapters. The first chapter evaluated the existence of a change point in the invertebrate community in relation to vegetation cover loss. Threshold indicator taxa analysis (TITAN) results indicated existence of a change point for the most sensitive taxa at 4.4 and 5.9% of vegetation cover loss. This sharp decline of sensitive taxa in response to a small loss of vegetation in a 30 m wide buffer on each stream bank is a strong indication that the required “Permanent Preservation Area” is insufficient to protect stream invertebrates and possibly other organisms in Amazon rainforest areas. In the second chapter, congruence between the aquatic invertebrate community and three subgroups of the community: (EPT [Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera], Odonata and Trichoptera) and within the community at the genus and family levels were assessed using Procustes analysis. High congruence was recorded between community and EPT (94% and 96%) and between community and Trichoptera (73% and 84%). Odonata presented moderate congruence with community (68%). The two taxonomic resolutions also showed strong correlation (85% and 91%). Due to cost-benefit it is suggested that Trichoptera (abundance) or invertebrates at the family level be used as substitutes for the invertebrate community in assessments and in conservation of streams under the influence of agriculture. The third chapter evaluated effects of land use/ cover and natural habitat metrics on diversity and functional structure of the EPT community in lower order streams of the eastern Amazon. Increase in anthropogenic disturbance reduces EPT richness and functional diversity in Paragominas and Santarém. Community structure has also changed with intensification of anthropic disturbance, especially in Paragominas, where vegetation loss in the riparian zone was higher. These results show that species loss affects aquatic community functionality, and this should reflect on stream functioning. Finally, it was possible identify the effects of land use (agriculture) on the low-order streams in the eastern Amazon using variations in the taxonomic and functional structure of aquatic invertebrates communityO uso da terra é a principal ameaça à biodiversidade e aos ecossistemas naturais, especialmente nos trópicos, onde a vegetação original está sendo substituída por cultivos agrícolas para suprir a demanda mundial por alimentos. Compreender a dinâmica dos ecossistemas em paisagens dominadas pela agricultura é fundamental para a implantação de medidas de conservação. O objetivo desta tese foi avaliar o efeito do uso da terra sobre riachos de baixa ordem na Amazônia Oriental, por meio da análise de variações na estrutura taxonômica e funcional da comunidade de invertebrados aquáticos. Esta tese foi subdividida em três capítulos. No primeiro, foi avaliada a existência de um ponto de mudança na comunidade de invertebrados em relação à perda de cobertura vegetal. Os resultados da análise de limiar de táxons indicadores (TITAN) indicaram a existência de um ponto de mudança para os táxons mais sensíveis entre 4,4 e 5,9% de perda de cobertura vegetal. Essa acentuada perda de táxons sensíveis em resposta a uma pequena perda de cobertura vegetal na faixa de 30 m de largura em cada margem dos riachos é um forte indício de que as atuais dimensões da Área de Preservação Permanente no Brasil é insuficiente para proteger os invertebrados de riachos e, possivelmente, outros organismos em áreas de floresta Amazônica. No segundo capítulo, foi avaliada a congruência entre a comunidade de invertebrados aquáticos e três de seus subgrupos (EPT [Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera e Trichoptera]; Odonata; e Trichoptera), e em dois níveis de resolução taxonômica (gênero e família) da comunidade com uso da análise Procustes. Houve alta congruência entre a comunidade e EPT (94% e 96%) e a comunidade e Trichoptera (73% e 84%). Odonata apresentou uma congruência moderada com a comunidade (68%). As duas resoluções taxonômica também apresentaram forte correlação entre si (85% e 91%). Considerando a relação custo-benefício, sugere-se o uso de Trichoptera (abundância) ou invertebrados em nível de família como substitutos da comunidade de invertebrados em medidas de avaliação e de conservação de riachos sob efeito do uso da terra para atividades agrícolas. No terceiro capítulo, foi abordado o efeito do uso da terra e cobertura do solo e de características naturais do habitat sobre a diversidade e composição funcional da comunidade de EPT nos riachos. A intensificação no distúrbio antrópico levou à redução na riqueza e diversidade funcional de EPT em Paragominas e Santarém. A composição da comunidade também mudou com a intensificação no distúrbio antrópico, especialmente em Paragominas, onde a perda de cobertura vegetal na zona ripária foi maior. Esses resultados mostram que a perda de espécies afeta a funcionalidade das comunidades aquáticas e deve refletir sobre o funcionamento dos riachos. Por fim, conclui-se que foi possível identificar os efeitos do uso da terra (agricultura) sobre riachos de baixa ordem na Amazônia Oriental utilizando as variações na estrutura taxonômica e funcional da comunidade de invertebrados aquáticos

    SOIL ERODIBILITY IN AREAS UNDER CITRUS (CITRUS SINENSIS L. OSBECK) AND FOREST IN RONDÔNIA, BRAZIL

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    Few studies have studied soil erodibility in areas that have undergone conversion processes from native forest to agricultural areas, especially in agricultural frontier regions. The present study aimed to evaluate soil erodibility in areas under citrus (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) and forest, using multivariate statistics and geostatistics in areas under different uses in Southern Rondônia, Brazil. A 42 × 30 m grid with regular spacing between sample points of 6 × 6 m was established for the studied native forest and citrus areas at depths of 0.00-0.20 m. At each sampling point, samples with preserved sod structure were collected at the evaluated depth for determination of soil texture and organic carbon, totaling 288 samples in the two studied areas. In the results it was observed that the area cultivated with citrus and under forest presented a greater predisposition of the soil to suffer erosion interril (Kiwepp), the citrus area also presented a greater susceptibility of the soil to suffer erosion in furrows (Krwepp), on the other hand, this area showed high values of critical shear stress, a fact that signals the resistance of the soil to the beginning of the erosive process. On the other hand, the forest area showed a greater predisposition to suffer erosion (K-factor), a fact possibly linked to the high values of silt and sand, which favored the present erodibility conditions

    Qualidade de vida dos idosos que participam das atividades realizadas no centro de referência de assistência social (CRAS) / Quality of life of elderly people participating in activities carried out at the social assistance reference center (CRAS)

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    O objetivo central do estudo foi analisar a percepção dos idosos que participam das atividades realizadas no CRAS acerca da qualidade de vida no município de Iguatu/CE. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, exploratório e com abordagem qualitativa. A priori traçou-se o perfil socioeconômico e cultural dos idosos de ambos os sexos, e se analisou também os impactos das atividades de acordo com a percepção dos colaboradores no tocante a qualidade de vida. Os dados foram coletados mediante entrevista estruturada enfatizando a importância do CRAS e das atividades realizadas nas suas vidas. A amostra para o estudo foi composta por 14 dos 35 idosos cadastrados na unidade, com idade de 60 a 80 anos. Foram organizados em duas categorias: 1. Sentimentos e emoções versus atividades realizadas no CRAS e, 2. A qualidade de vida no entendimento destes assistidos no CRAS. Por fim, constatou-se através da análise dos resultados que os colaboradores da pesquisa avaliam de maneira positiva a qualidade de vida mediante participação nas atividades realizadas no CRAS em todos os aspectos, desde o momento da acolhida e continua no dia a dia da unidad

    SOIL ERODIBILITY IN AREAS UNDER CITRUS (CITRUS SINENSIS L. OSBECK) AND FOREST IN RONDÔNIA, BRAZIL

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    Few studies have studied soil erodibility in areas that have undergone conversion processes from native forest to agricultural areas, especially in agricultural frontier regions. The present study aimed to evaluate soil erodibility in areas under citrus (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) and forest, using multivariate statistics and geostatistics in areas under different uses in Southern Rondônia, Brazil. A 42 × 30 m grid with regular spacing between sample points of 6 × 6 m was established for the studied native forest and citrus areas at depths of 0.00-0.20 m. At each sampling point, samples with preserved sod structure were collected at the evaluated depth for determination of soil texture and organic carbon, totaling 288 samples in the two studied areas. In the results it was observed that the area cultivated with citrus and under forest presented a greater predisposition of the soil to suffer erosion interril (Kiwepp), the citrus area also presented a greater susceptibility of the soil to suffer erosion in furrows (Krwepp), on the other hand, this area showed high values of critical shear stress, a fact that signals the resistance of the soil to the beginning of the erosive process. On the other hand, the forest area showed a greater predisposition to suffer erosion (K-factor), a fact possibly linked to the high values of silt and sand, which favored the present erodibility conditions

    MONITORAMENTO DOS PARÂMETROS MICROBIOLÓGICOS DA ÁGUA DE CISTERNAS EM ESCOLAS PÚBLICAS DE POCINHOS

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    This work aimed to inspect the microbiological parameters of cistern water in public schools in Pocinhos-PB. The water samples destined for microbiological analyzes were collected directly from the cisterns in glass bottles (500 ml) with wide mouth, protected with laminated paper, previously sterilized in an autoclave at 121 oC, for 30 minutes, and were sent to the Laboratory of the Professional Training Center of the Albano Franco Institute of Leather and Footwear Technology (CTCC) in Campina Grande / PB. The parameters analyzed and the methods of analysis were: total coliforms, thermotolerant coliforms, Escherichia coli and heterotrophic bacteria. For ethical reasons, the names of these schools were kept confidential, and the samples collected in them were identified as samples 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. It was observed that, among the samples analyzed, three of them (1, 4 and 5) had a total amount of coliforms, totally outside the limits established by the current ordinance. All samples showed thermotolerant coliforms. There was no evidence of the presence of heterotrophic bacteria. The presence of E. coli bacteria, considered indicative of faecal contamination, was evidenced in only two samples. It is concluded that all samples are in disagreement with the recommendations stipulated by the Ministry of Health Ordinance No. 5, of September 28, 2017, as they presented total coliforms, thermotolerant coliforms and / or E. coli, therefore requiring treatment prior to being supplied for human consumption.Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo inspeccionar los parámetros microbiológicos del agua de cisterna en escuelas públicas de Pocinhos-PB. Las muestras de agua para análisis microbiológico se recolectaron directamente de cisternas en frascos de vidrio (500 ml) de boca ancha, protegidas con papel laminado, previamente esterilizadas en autoclave a 121 oC, durante 30 minutos, y fueron enviadas al Laboratorio del Centro de Capacitación Profesional de el Instituto Albano Franco de Tecnología del Cuero y Calzado (CTCC) en Campina Grande / PB. Los parámetros analizados y los métodos de análisis fueron: coliformes totales, coliformes termotolerantes, Escherichia coli y bacterias heterótrofas. Por razones éticas, los nombres de estas escuelas se mantuvieron confidenciales, y las muestras recolectadas en ellas se identificaron como muestras 1, 2, 3, 4 y 5. Se observó que, entre las muestras analizadas, tres de ellas (1, 4 y 5) tenía una cantidad total de coliformes, totalmente fuera de los límites establecidos por la ordenanza vigente. Todas las muestras mostraron coliformes termotolerantes. No hubo evidencia de la presencia de bacterias heterótrofas. La presencia de la bacteria E. coli, considerada indicativa de contaminación fecal, se evidenció en solo dos muestras. Se concluye que todas las muestras están en desacuerdo con las recomendaciones estipuladas por la Ordenanza No. 5 del Ministerio de Salud, de 28 de septiembre de 2017, por presentar coliformes totales, coliformes termotolerantes y / o E. coli, por lo que requirieron tratamiento previo a su suministro. para consumo humano.Esse trabalho teve o objetivo de inspecionar os parâmetros microbiológicos da água de cisternas nas escolas públicas de Pocinhos-PB.  As amostras de água destinadas para as análises microbiológicas foram coletadas diretamente das cisternas em garrafas de vidro (500 ml) com boca larga, protegidas com papel laminado, previamente esterilizadas em autoclave a 121 oC, por 30 minutos, e foram encaminhadas para o Laboratório do Centro de Formação Profissional do Instituto Albano Franco de Tecnologia de Couro e de Calçado (CTCC) em Campina Grande/PB. Os parâmetros analisados e os métodos de análises foram: coliformes totais, coliformes termotolerantes, Escherichia coli e bactérias heterotróficas. Por motivos éticos, os nomes das referidas escolas foram mantidos em sigilo, sendo as amostras coletadas nas mesmas, identificadas como amostras 1, 2, 3, 4 e 5. Observou-se que, entre as amostras analisadas, três delas (1, 4 e 5) apresentaram quantidade de coliformes totais, totalmente fora dos limites estabelecidos pela portaria vigente. Todas as amostras apresentaram coliformes termotolerantes. Não se evidenciou a presença de Bactérias heterotróficas. A presença da bactéria E. coli, considerada indicativo de contaminação fecal, foi evidenciada em apenas duas amostras. Conclui-se que todas as amostras estão em desacordo com as recomendações estipuladas pela Portaria do Ministério da Saúde de nº 5, de 28 de setembro de 2017, pois apresentaram coliformes totais, coliformes termotolerantes e/ou E. coli, necessitando, portanto, de tratamento prévio antes de serem fornecidas para consumo humano

    Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

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    Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

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    Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

    Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

    Get PDF
    Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost
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