Image_2_Long-term trajectories of BMI and cumulative incident metabolic syndrome: A cohort study.png

BackgroundBody mass index (BMI) has been widely recognized as a risk factor for metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, the relationship between the trajectory of BMI and cumulative incident MetS is still unclear. We investigate the associations of long-term measurements of BMI with MetS among young adults in the China Health and Nutrition Survey.MethodsWe enrolled individuals aged 10 to 20 at baseline with recorded BMI at each follow-up interview, and 554 participants were finally included in our study. The assessment and incidence of MetS were evaluated by blood tests and physical examinations in their adulthood. A latent class growth mixed model was used to identify three BMI trajectory patterns: a low baseline BMI with slow development (low-slow, n=438), a low baseline BMI with fast development (low-fast, n=66), and a high baseline BMI with fast development (high-fast, n=50). Logistic regression was used to explore the relationship between different BMI trajectories and the incidence of MetS.ResultDuring a follow-up of 16 years, 61 (11.01%) participants developed MetS. The combination of elevated triglycerides and reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was most frequent in diagnosed MetS. In multivariate adjusted models, the low-fast and high-fast BMI trajectories showed a significantly higher risk of MetS than those with the low-slow BMI trajectory (low-high: OR = 3.40, 95% CI: 1.14-10.13, P ConclusionOur study identified three BMI trajectories in young adults and found that long-term measurements of BMI were also associated with cumulative incident MetS.</p

Table_1_Long-term trajectories of BMI and cumulative incident metabolic syndrome: A cohort study.docx

BackgroundBody mass index (BMI) has been widely recognized as a risk factor for metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, the relationship between the trajectory of BMI and cumulative incident MetS is still unclear. We investigate the associations of long-term measurements of BMI with MetS among young adults in the China Health and Nutrition Survey.MethodsWe enrolled individuals aged 10 to 20 at baseline with recorded BMI at each follow-up interview, and 554 participants were finally included in our study. The assessment and incidence of MetS were evaluated by blood tests and physical examinations in their adulthood. A latent class growth mixed model was used to identify three BMI trajectory patterns: a low baseline BMI with slow development (low-slow, n=438), a low baseline BMI with fast development (low-fast, n=66), and a high baseline BMI with fast development (high-fast, n=50). Logistic regression was used to explore the relationship between different BMI trajectories and the incidence of MetS.ResultDuring a follow-up of 16 years, 61 (11.01%) participants developed MetS. The combination of elevated triglycerides and reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was most frequent in diagnosed MetS. In multivariate adjusted models, the low-fast and high-fast BMI trajectories showed a significantly higher risk of MetS than those with the low-slow BMI trajectory (low-high: OR = 3.40, 95% CI: 1.14-10.13, P ConclusionOur study identified three BMI trajectories in young adults and found that long-term measurements of BMI were also associated with cumulative incident MetS.</p

Image_1_Long-term trajectories of BMI and cumulative incident metabolic syndrome: A cohort study.png

BackgroundBody mass index (BMI) has been widely recognized as a risk factor for metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, the relationship between the trajectory of BMI and cumulative incident MetS is still unclear. We investigate the associations of long-term measurements of BMI with MetS among young adults in the China Health and Nutrition Survey.MethodsWe enrolled individuals aged 10 to 20 at baseline with recorded BMI at each follow-up interview, and 554 participants were finally included in our study. The assessment and incidence of MetS were evaluated by blood tests and physical examinations in their adulthood. A latent class growth mixed model was used to identify three BMI trajectory patterns: a low baseline BMI with slow development (low-slow, n=438), a low baseline BMI with fast development (low-fast, n=66), and a high baseline BMI with fast development (high-fast, n=50). Logistic regression was used to explore the relationship between different BMI trajectories and the incidence of MetS.ResultDuring a follow-up of 16 years, 61 (11.01%) participants developed MetS. The combination of elevated triglycerides and reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was most frequent in diagnosed MetS. In multivariate adjusted models, the low-fast and high-fast BMI trajectories showed a significantly higher risk of MetS than those with the low-slow BMI trajectory (low-high: OR = 3.40, 95% CI: 1.14-10.13, P ConclusionOur study identified three BMI trajectories in young adults and found that long-term measurements of BMI were also associated with cumulative incident MetS.</p

Expression patterns of LDH-5 and HIF1α shown by immunohisto-chemical staining in patient tissues.

<p>(A–C) Patients with benign lymphadenectasis, (A) representative examples of HE staining, (B) LDH-5 expression (negative), and (C) HIF1α expression (weak positive); (D–I) Patients with NHL, (D) HE staining; (E) LDH-5 expression in DLBCL (positive), (F) HIF1α expression in DLBCL (positive), and (G) strongly positive expression of LDH-5 in follicular lymphoma; (H) strongly positive expression of LDH-5 in NK/T cell lymphoma; (I) positive expression of LDH-5 in small cell lymphoma. Original magnification, ×400.</p

Grading system based on the intensity and extent of LDH5 cytoplasmic and nuclear staining.

<p>Grading system based on the intensity and extent of LDH5 cytoplasmic and nuclear staining.</p

Immunofluorescence staining for the expression of LDH-5 and HIF1α in malignant NHL and benign lymphadenectasis tissues.

<p>(A) Colocalization of LDH-5 (green) and HIF1α (red) in benign lymphadenectasis (nuclear staining, blue); (B) Colocalization of LDH-5 (green) and HIF1α (red) in malignant NHL (nuclear staining, blue); (C) The correlation of serum LDH-5 and HIF1α expression in peripheral blood of the participants (<i>n</i> = 160) including the patients with NHL (<i>n</i> = 130) and Non-NHL controls (<i>n</i> = 30).</p

Comparison of LDH-5 and total LDH levels in NHL patient serum.

<p>(A) ROC analysis of LDH-5 showed that the cutoff value set at 9.1% gives the best diagnostic efficiency (AUC = 0.788, n = 529). (B) The sensitivity and specificity for NHL diagnosis were 53.4% (142/266) and 74.6% (196/263) at the LDH-5 cutoff value (9.1%), respectively. (C) Serum LDH-5 concentration ≥9.1% has more positive results than total LDH ≥250 IU/L in all NHL patients (n = 266) and patients with advanced NHL (III+IV, n = 122). *<i>P</i><0.05; **<i>P</i><0.01.</p

Kaplan-Meier progression-free survival curve associated with serum LDH-5 concentrations in 266 NHL patients.

<p>(A) The PFS probability of patients with elevated serum LDH-5 concentrations (>9.1%) was significantly lower than that of patients with normal concentrations (log-rank test, <i>P</i><0.001); (B) The worse WHO performance status (2–4) was also a significant unfavourable predictor for PFS (<i>P</i><0.001); (C, D) The PFS was not associated with the gender and histological type of patients (<i>P = </i>0.199 and <i>P = </i>0.153, respectively). PFS, progression-free survival.</p

Multivariate Cox proportional hazard analyses.

<p>Multivariate Cox proportional hazard analyses.</p

LDH-5 levels and the clinicopathological characteristics of 266 patients with NHL.

*<p>compared with follicular lymphoma.</p