Dampak Pembangunan Infrastruktur Perdesaan Pada Program PNPM Mandiri Perdesaan Di Kabupaten Toli Toli

The purpose of this study was to determine the Development Impact of Rural Infrastructure in PNPM RuralProgram in Toli-Toli. Research conducted on the implementation of PNPM Rural Program in Toli-Toli forfiscal year 2007 and 2008.Primary data obtained from interviews with relevant parties and direct observation in the field, then the datais processed with Descriptive Analysis.The results showed the impact of rural infrastructure development in poor communities in Toli Toli, namely:increasing revenue, impoving public education, improving health and improving the public midset. Impact onvillage institutions, namely: the function and role of local government to be effective, institutions ofparticipatory development and improvement of the quality of facilities.and social infrastructure andeconomic base of societ

Parameters used in the quarantine simulation of Wenzhou epidemic.

Parameters used in the quarantine simulation of Wenzhou epidemic.</p

Simulation of COVID-19 epidemics in Wenzhou and Wuhan.

(A) Modeled hospitalized and unidentified cases in Wenzhou from January 3 to February 21. The first dash line is on January 21 when the first case was identified. The second dash line is on January 27 when mean duration from disease onset to hospital admission reduced from 12 days to observed 6.1 days. The last dash line is on February 2 when a within-city quarantine started. (B) Modeled hospitalized and unidentified cases in Wuhan from January 15 to March 5. The first dash line is on January 26 when a within-city quarantine started. The second dash line is on February 10 when temporary emergency units were operational. (C) Modeled hospitalized and unidentified cases in Wuhan with a seven-day delay of the two control measures of (B).</p

Epidemical features of COVID-19 in Wenzhou.

(A) Distribution of disease onset of all the identified cases. Because specific information of the early 31 imported cases is not available; we assumed that date of onset of all imported cases follows a Gaussian distribution, and arbitrarily ranged them in the period from January 7 to 17. (B) Information on duration from onset to hospital admission of 467 cases from January 27 to February 17. (C) Distribution of interval of incubation of 157 imported cases.</p

Fig 1 -

(A) Mathematical model for COVID-19 transmission. Susceptible individuals are infected by unidentified individuals, and become infectious themselves after an interval of incubation. Infectious individuals lose infectiousness by death, recovery, or successful isolation. No new births or deaths of other causes are considered. When quarantine started, a proportion, q, of new infections is quarantined before they become infectious. The same proportion (q) of susceptible individuals who have contacts with infectious persons but were not infected are also quarantined. Susceptible individuals are released from quarantine after 14 days. For simplicity, we assume that quarantined individuals are isolated and not infectious. (B) Timeline of important events occurred during COVID-19 outbreaks in Wuhan and Wenzhou.</p

S1 File -

(DOCX)</p

Fig 4 -

Estimating effective reproductive number R. Estimated reproduction number for the period of the epidemic in Wenzhou (A) and Wuhan (B). Confidence intervals are also shown. (C) Proportion of impact of reducing contact rate and duration from onset to hospital admission to R values.</p

Table_1_Codon Usage Bias in Autophagy-Related Gene 13 in Eukaryotes: Uncovering the Genetic Divergence by the Interplay Between Nucleotides and Codon Usages.xls

Synonymous codon usage bias is a universal characteristic of genomes across various organisms. Autophagy-related gene 13 (atg13) is one essential gene for autophagy initiation, yet the evolutionary trends of the atg13 gene at the usages of nucleotide and synonymous codon remains unexplored. According to phylogenetic analyses for the atg13 gene of 226 eukaryotic organisms at the nucleotide and amino acid levels, it is clear that their nucleotide usages exhibit more genetic information than their amino acid usages. Specifically, the overall nucleotide usage bias quantified by information entropy reflected that the usage biases at the first and second codon positions were stronger than those at the third position of the atg13 genes. Furthermore, the bias level of nucleotide ‘G’ usage is highest, while that of nucleotide ‘C’ usage is lowest in the atg13 genes. On top of that, genetic features represented by synonymous codon usage exhibits a species-specific pattern on the evolution of the atg13 genes to some extent. Interestingly, the codon usages of atg13 genes in the ancestor animals (Latimeria chalumnae, Petromyzon marinus, and Rhinatrema bivittatum) are strongly influenced by mutation pressure from nucleotide composition constraint. However, the distributions of nucleotide composition at different codon positions in the atg13 gene display that natural selection still dominates atg13 codon usages during organisms’ evolution.</p

Table_2_Codon Usage Bias in Autophagy-Related Gene 13 in Eukaryotes: Uncovering the Genetic Divergence by the Interplay Between Nucleotides and Codon Usages.xls

Synonymous codon usage bias is a universal characteristic of genomes across various organisms. Autophagy-related gene 13 (atg13) is one essential gene for autophagy initiation, yet the evolutionary trends of the atg13 gene at the usages of nucleotide and synonymous codon remains unexplored. According to phylogenetic analyses for the atg13 gene of 226 eukaryotic organisms at the nucleotide and amino acid levels, it is clear that their nucleotide usages exhibit more genetic information than their amino acid usages. Specifically, the overall nucleotide usage bias quantified by information entropy reflected that the usage biases at the first and second codon positions were stronger than those at the third position of the atg13 genes. Furthermore, the bias level of nucleotide ‘G’ usage is highest, while that of nucleotide ‘C’ usage is lowest in the atg13 genes. On top of that, genetic features represented by synonymous codon usage exhibits a species-specific pattern on the evolution of the atg13 genes to some extent. Interestingly, the codon usages of atg13 genes in the ancestor animals (Latimeria chalumnae, Petromyzon marinus, and Rhinatrema bivittatum) are strongly influenced by mutation pressure from nucleotide composition constraint. However, the distributions of nucleotide composition at different codon positions in the atg13 gene display that natural selection still dominates atg13 codon usages during organisms’ evolution.</p

Additional file 2 of The effects of daily fasting hours on shaping gut microbiota in mice

Additional file 2: Figure S1. The relative abundances of the genus Akkermansia in the individual animals in the 16 h fasting group and CTR at day 30